Nancarrow, Conlon (1912-97) American-Mexican; Mexico City-based from 1940
Style/Period:  Experimentalist (American Vernacularist)
Best Known For:  canonic player-piano roll-based music
Notable Work:   . . . 37 Studies for Player Piano (1950-68)
Musical Influences:  ---JS Bach; Cowell; Stravinsky; Varèse; jazz; world music
Has Influenced:  -Carter; Ligeti

Nicolai, (Carl) Otto (1810-49) German
Style/Period:  Early German Romantic (Biedermeier)
Best Known For:  operas
Notable Work:  . . . The Merry Wives of Windsor [opera] (1849)
Musical Influences:  Beethoven; Mendelssohn; -Mozart; ---Palestrina; Weber

Nielsen, Carl (1865-1931) Danish; mainly Copenhagen-based from 1884
Style/Period:  Late (post-Brahmsian) Romantic (Danish Nationalist) to c1913; with increasing Neoclassical tendencies thereafter
Genre Profile:  322---0230---2212---222---02---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  syms.---concs.---songs & choral songs---chamber music---incidental music suites---operas---solo piano & solo organ
Notable Works:  . . . Little Suite in A minor [string orch.] Op.1 (1888, r1889) . . . secular songs [solo v & pf] (1891-1927) . . . Sym. #2 'Four Temperaments' Op.16 (1901-2) . . . Over. to (the opera) Maskarade [orch.] (1904-6) . . . Sym. #3 'Sinfonia Espansiva' Op.27 (1910-1) . . . Violin Conc. Op.33 (1911) . . . Sym. #4 'Inextinguishable' Op.29 (1914-6) . . . Sym. #5 Op.50 (1921-2) . . . Wind Quintet Op.43 (1922) . . . Flute Conc. (1926) . . . Clarinet Conc. Op.57 (1928)
Musical Influences:  Brahms; Gade; Grieg; JPE Hartmann; --Mozart; Svendsen; 16th & 17th centuries polyphony; Danish folk music
Has Influenced:  HOLMBOE; Larsson; [R Simpson]

Nono, Luigi (1924-90) Italian
Style/Period:  European Avant-garde
Best Known For:  music on political subjects---magnetic tape-based concert music---stage works
Musical Influences:  Maderna; Malipiero; Schoenberg; WEBERN; Renaissance polyphony
Has Influenced:  Penderecki

Novák, Vítezslav (1870-1949) Bohemian; Prague-based from c1889
Style/Period:  Late Romantic (Czech Nationalist)
Best Known For:  orchestral pcs
Musical Influences:  Debussy; DVORÁK; R Schumann; MORAVIAN, BOHEMIAN & SLOVAKIAN FOLK MUSIC; German Romanticism
Has Influenced:  Hába

Obrecht, Jacob (c1450-1505) Dutch
Style/Period:  Middle Franco-Flemish Renaissance
Best Known For:  sacred motets---masses
Musical Influences:  [A Busnois]; Dufay; Ockeghem; plainchant
Has Influenced:  +++Pärt

Ockeghem, Johannes [Okeghem, Jean] (c1420-97) Franco-Flemish
Style/Period:  Early Franco-Flemish Renaissance
Best Known For:  masses---sacred motets---secular songs (chansons)
Musical Influences:  Binchois; Dufay; Dunstable
Has Influenced:  [A Busnois]; Josquin; +++Krenek; +++Ligeti; Obrecht; +++Pärt

Offenbach, Jacques (1819-80) German-French; Paris-based from 1833
Style/Period:  French Light Classical
Genre Profile:  022---0200---1112---202---23---020
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  operettas---The Tales of Hoffmann (opera)---cello (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)
Notable Works:  . . . Orpheus in the Underworld [operetta] (1858) . . . Over. to (the operetta) Orpheus in the Underworld [orch.] (1858) . . . The Tales of Hoffmann [opera] (1881), incl. 'Barcarolle' [orch.]
Musical Influences:  --Mozart; Rossini; Wagner
Has Influenced:  -Flotow; Lehár; J STRAUSS JR.; Sullivan; SUPPÉ

Oliveros, Pauline (1932-) American
Style/Period:  Experimentalist ('New Music')
Best Known For:  theater & mixed-media works---electronic music---improvisations & 'sonic meditations'---feminist music---music for accordion
Musical Influences:  Cage

Orff, Carl (1895-1982) German; Munich-based
Style/Period:  Neoclassical/Exoticist (Neomedieval)
Genre Profile:  011---1001---0000---000---02---130
Quantity of Work Produced:  modest
Best Known For:  'scenic choral' stage cantatas---operas---music for children
Notable Work:  . . . Carmina Burana [secular cantata for 3 solo vv, chorus & orch.] (1937)
Musical Influences:  Debussy; [E Jaques-Dalcroze]; ---MONTEVERDI; STRAVINSKY; Medieval & Renaissance music; Italian Baroque music

Pachelbel, Johann (1653-1706) German
Style/Period:  Middle German Baroque
Genre Profile:  [not used]
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  solo organ, espec. chorales---church music (motets, sacred concertos, magnificats, etc.)
Notable Works:  . . . Canon & Gigue in D [3 vlns & basso-continuo] (late 17th cent.; since then in many other arrs.) . . . Toccata in E minor [org] (late 17th cent.)
Musical Influences:  -Frescobaldi; Froberger; --A Gabrieli; Lutheran & Catholic liturgy
Has Influenced:  JS Bach

Pacini, Giovanni (1796-1867) Italian
Style/Period:  Early Italian Romantic (bel canto)
Best Known For:  operas
Notable Work:  . . . Saffo [opera] (1840)
Musical Influences:  +BELLINI; Mercadante; ROSSINI; +Verdi

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (1860-1941) Polish; travelled widely
Style/Period:  Late Romantic
Best Known For:  piano (solo, w/orch.)
Notable Works:  . . . Piano Conc. in A minor Op.17 (1888) . . . Menuet Célèbre in G Op.14 no.1 [pf] (1887)
Musical Influences:  -Chopin; [T Leschetitzky]; Liszt

Paganini, Niccolò (1782-1840) Italian
Style/Period:  Post-Classical (Paris virtuoso school)
Genre Profile:  000---0301---0222---003---00---010
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  violin (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)---guitar (solo, chamber combs.)
Notable Works:  . . . 24 Caprices [vln] Op.1 (c1805) . . . Violin Conc. #1 in D [originally E flat] Op.6 (1817?) . . . Moto Perpetuo in C [vln & orch.] Op.11 (after 1829)
Musical Influences:  Beethoven; -Locatelli; GUITAR MUSIC; French violin music; Italian opera
Has Influenced:  Chopin; [HW Ernst]; LISZT; +Sarasate; R Schumann; Vieuxtemps; Wieniawski

Paine, John Knowles (1839-1906) American; Boston area-based from 1861
Style/Period:  Middle Romantic (New England school)
Best Known For:  syms. and other orchestral & choral-orchestral pcs---chamber music---incidental music
Musical Influences:  --JS Bach; -Beethoven & other Viennese Classicals; German Romantics

Paisiello, Giovanni (1740-1816) Italian; mainly Naples-based from 1754
Style/Period:  Classical
Best Known For:  comic operas---concs.
Has Influenced:  Mozart

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1525/6 - 1594) Italian; Rome-based
Style/Period:  Late Italian Renaissance
Genre Profile:  [not used]
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  sacred vocal music (masses, motets, magnificats)---secular madrigals
Notable Works:  . . . secular madrigals [3-5 vv] (p1555-94) . . . Missa Papae Marcelli [6 vv] (p1567) . . . Missa brevis [4 vv] (p1570) . . . Missa tu es petrus [6 vv] (p1572) . . . Tu es petrus [sacred motet for 6 vv] (p1572) . . . Missa nigra sum [5 vv] (p1590) . . . magnificats [4-8 vv] (p1591) . . . Missa assumpta est Maria [6 vv] (d?) . . . Stabat Mater [sacred motet for 8 vv] (d?)
Musical Influences:  [C Festa]; -Josquin; Morales; Franco-Flemish & French polyphonists; Gregorian chant/plainsong
Has Influenced:  ALLEGRI; +++Beethoven; +++Boccherini; +++Bruckner; ++Fux; +++GOUNOD; +++Hanson; +++M Haydn; +++Kodály; Lasso; +++Liszt; Monteverdi; +++Nicolai; ++Pasquini; +++Petrassi; +++Pfitzner; Philips; ++A Scarlatti; Schütz; +++Verdi; VICTORIA

Parry, (Charles) Hubert (1848-1918) British; London & Oxford-based from 1883
Style/Period:  Late (post-Brahmsian) Romantic
Genre Profile:  222---1000---2222---220---11---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  sacred vocal/choral music---solo organ---syms.
Notable Works:  . . . Jerusalem [sacred unison song with words by William Blake for chorus & orch.] Op.208 (1916)
Musical Influences:  --JS BACH; BRAHMS; Liszt; -Mendelssohn; R Schumann; WAGNER
Has Influenced:  Finzi; Howells; Vaughan Williams

Pärt, Arvo (1935-) Estonian; Berlin-based from 1982
Style/Period:  European Avant-garde to c1975; Minimalist thereafter
Genre Profile:  202---1212---2102---221---00---22x
Quantity of Work Produced:  modest
Best Known For:  sacred vocal/choral-chamber/orchestral music---orchestral pcs---syms.
Notable Works:  . . . Cantus in Memory of Benjamin Britten [string orch. & bell] (1976) . . . Fratres [vln & pf] (1977; also in several later chamber & orchestral arrs.) . . . Arbos [brass ensemble & perc] (1977-86) . . . St. John's Passion [solo vv, chorus & instrs.] (1982) . . . Stabat Mater [3 solo vv, vln, va & vc] (1985)
Musical Influences:  ---Obrecht; ---Ockeghem; Schoenberg; Shostakovich; Gregorian chant; ---Medieval & Renaissance music; RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH MUSIC; minimalists

Partch, Harry (1901-74) American; mainly California-based
Style/Period:  Experimentalist (Exoticist)
Best Known For:  ensemble music employing invented (primarily percussion) instrs.---music theatre---microtonal music
Musical Influences:  folk music; Native American music; ancient Greek music; African & Asian music
Has Influenced:  Harrison

Pasquini, Bernardo (1637-1710) Italian; Rome-based from c1650
Style/Period:  Middle Italian Baroque
Best Known For:  solo keyboard---operas & oratorios
Musical Influences:  +Corelli; [A Cesti]; FRESCOBALDI; --Palestrina
Has Influenced:  Fux; [F Gasparini]; Muffat; A Scarlatti; D Scarlatti

Penderecki, Krzysztof (1933-) Polish
Style/Period:  European Avant-garde (texture music)
Genre Profile:  222---0222---0212---002---02---22x
Quantity of Work Produced:  modest
Best Known For:  sacred vocal/choral-orchestral music---works for featured string instr. w/orch.---music on political or religious subjects and/or w/strongly emotional themes
Notable Works:  . . . Anaklasis [string orch. & perc] (1960) . . . Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima [string orch.] (1960) . . . St. Luke Passion [oratorio for narr., 3 solo vv, choruses & orch.] (1963-5) . . . Utrenja I & II [sacred oratorio for 8 solo vv, 2 choruses & orch.] (1970-1) . . . Violin Conc. (1976-7)
Musical Influences:  ---JS Bach; Bartók; --Bruckner; Nono; Schoenberg; Shostakovich; ---Wagner; Webern; Xenakis; Russian Orthodox chant
Has Influenced:  Brouwer

Pergolesi, Giovanni (1710-36) Italian; mainly Naples-based from c1722
Style/Period:  Pre-Classical (Neapolitan school)
Genre Profile:  000---0200---0020---010---02---320
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  sacred vocal music---operas
Notable Works:  . . . La Serva Padrona [comic opera/intermezzo] (1733) . . . Stabat Mater [2 solo vv, org & strings] (1736) . . . Salve Regina in A minor [solo v, org & strings] (1736)
Musical Influences:  Corelli; A Scarlatti; 'Neapolitan school' e.g. [F Durante]
Has Influenced:  ++Bellini; Gluck; +Mozart

Perle, George (1915-) American
Style/Period:  Serial (Neoclassical)
Best Known For:  chamber music---works for solo player
Musical Influences:  Berg; Webern

Pérotin [Perotinus Magnus] (c1160 - c1220) French
Style/Period:  Medieval
Best Known For:  chant settings---motets
Notable Works:  . . . Viderunt omnes V. Notum fecit [gradual for 4 vv] (c1195) . . . Sederunt principes V. Adiuva [gradual for 4 vv] (c1195)
Musical Influences:  [Léonin]; Gregorian chant
Has Influenced:  ++Machaut; +++Reich

Persichetti, Vincent (1915-87) American; mainly Philadelphia- & New York-based
Style/Period:  Neoclassical
Genre Profile:  202---2021---2222---222---01---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  works for solo player (espec. piano)---syms.---chamber/wind band music
Musical Influences:  Harris; ---J Haydn; Hindemith; --R Schumann
Has Influenced:  Druckman

Petrassi, Goffredo (1904-2003) Italian
Style/Period:  Neoclassical to c1950; Serial thereafter
Best Known For:  chamber music---concertos for orch.
Notable Works:  8 concertos for orchestra (1933-72)
Musical Influences:  CASELLA; Hindemith; ---Palestrina; Stravinsky

Pfitzner, Hans Erich (1869-1949) German
Style/Period:  Late German Romantic (post-Wagnerian to c1920; more post-Brahmsian thereafter)
Genre Profile:  222---2202---2212---100---02---020
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known Work:  . . . songs [solo v & pf] (1884-1931) . . . Palestrina [opera/'musical legend'] (1912-5) . . . concs. (1922-44)
Musical Influences:  Brahms; ---Palestrina; R SCHUMANN; WAGNER; --Weber; Viennese Classical tradition

Philips, Peter (1560/61 - 1628) British; Spanish Netherlands-based from c1590
Style/Period:  Early English Baroque
Best Known For:  solo keyboard---sacred vocal music (motets, etc.)---Italian-style madrigals---consort music
Musical Influences:  Marenzio; Palestrina; Italian & Dutch music
Has Influenced:  Sweelinck

Piazzolla, Astor (1921-92) Argentinian
Style/Period:  Argentinian Vernacularist
Best Known For:  tangos (solo guitar, solo piano, chamber combs., orchestral ensemble)
Notable Work:  . . . Tango Suite [2 guitars] (1984)
Musical Influences:  Ginastera; tango dance rhythms; jazz

Piccinni, (Vito) Niccolò (1728-1800) Italian; mainly Naples & Paris-based
Style/Period:  Classical (Neopolitan school)
Best Known For:  operas
Musical Influences:  Gluck; Neapolitan school espec. [F Durante] & [L Leo]
Has Influenced:  Cherubini; Cimarosa

Pierné, Gabriel (1863-1937) French
Style/Period:  Late French Romantic (Impressionist)
Genre Profile:  022---2020---2212---202---22---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  chamber music---ballets---works for featured instr. w/orch.---harp (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)
Notable Work:  . . . Introduction et Variations sur une Ronde Populaire [saxophone quartet] (1930)
Musical Influences:  Debussy; FRANCK; Massenet; +Roussel

Piston, Walter (1894-1976) American; mainly Boston area-based from 1905
Style/Period:  Neoclassical (Neoromantic)
Genre Profile:  212---2222---2222---210---20---110
Quantity of Work Produced:  modest
Best Known For:  syms.---chamber music---concs.---orchestral pcs
Notable Works:  . . . 3 Pieces for Flute, Clarinet & Bassoon (1926) . . . 7 syms. (1937-60) . . . The Incredible Flutist [ballet] (1938; orchestral suite 1938) . . . 3 New England Sketches [orch.] (1959)
Musical Influences:  DUKAS; Fauré; +Hindemith; Roussel; Schoenberg; Stravinsky; --Baroque & Classical music
Has Influenced:  Bernstein; Carter

Pizzetti, Ildebrando (1880-1968) Italian
Style/Period:  Neoromantic (Neomedieval)
Best Known For:  operas---choral music---chamber music
Musical Influences:  Debussy; ---Monteverdi; Mussorgsky; Verdi; Wagner; Renaissance polyphony; Medieval music
Has Influenced:  Castelnuovo-Tedesco

Ponce, Manuel (1882-1948) Mexican
Style/Period:  early works Mexican Nationalist; later adding Neoclassical, Neoromantic & Impressionist accents
Best Known For:  solo guitar---songs---concs.
Notable Works:  . . . Estrellita [song] (p1914) . . . Sonatina Meridional [guitar] (1932)
Musical Influences:  Dukas; Mexican & Cuban folk music; Mexican & Cuban popular music; Impressionists
Has Influenced:  Chávez

Ponchielli, Amilcare (1834-86) Italian
Style/Period:  Middle Italian Romantic
Genre Profile:  122---0011---0102---110---23---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known Work:  . . . La Gioconda [opera] (1876), incl. 'Dance of the Hours' [orch.]
Musical Influences:  Donizetti; Meyerbeer; Verdi; Wagner
Has Influenced:  Mascagni; Puccini

Poulenc, Francis (1899-1963) French; Paris-based
Style/Period:  French Neoclassical
Genre Profile:  022---2002---2023---201---22---330
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  piano (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)---sacred vocal/choral music---sonatas---songs & song cycles---operas---ballets---concs.
Notable Works:  . . . 3 Mouvements Perpetuels [pf] (1918) . . . songs & song cycles [solo v & pf] (1918-62) . . . Les Biches [ballet w/chorus] (1923) . . . Trio for Oboe, Bassoon & Piano (1926) . . . Concert Champêtre [hpschd (or pf) & orch.] (1927-8) . . . Conc. for 2 Pianos & Orch. in D minor (1932) . . . Sextet [pf & wind quintet] (1932-9) . . . Conc. for Organ, Strings & Percussion in G minor (1938) . . . Stabat Mater [solo v, chorus & orch.] (1950) . . . Dialogues des Carmélites [religious opera] (1953-6) . . . Sonata for Flute & Piano (1956) . . . La Voix Humaine [opera] (1958) . . . Gloria in G [solo v, chorus & orch.] (1959) . . . Sonata for Clarinet & Piano (1962) . . . Sonata for Oboe & Piano (1962)
Musical Influences:  -Chabrier; Debussy; Fauré; Koechlin; ---Mozart; Ravel; SATIE; STRAVINSKY; ---Victoria; Baroque music; popular music
Has Influenced:  Berkeley; Françaix; Rorem

Powell, Mel (1923-98) American
Style/Period:  Post-Webernian Serial
Best Known For:  magnetic tape-based pcs---chamber music
Musical Influences:  Hindemith; Schoenberg; Stravinsky; Webern; jazz

Praetorius, Michael (1571-1621) German
Style/Period:  Late German Renaissance
Genre Profile:  [not used]
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  sacred vocal music (Lutheran hymns, motets)---instrumental dance transcriptions
Notable Works:  . . . Musae Sioniae [9 part collection of Lutheran chorales, mainly for solo vv] (p1605-12), incl. 'In dulci jubilo' [motet for 8vv or instrs. in 2 choirs] (p1607) & the sacred carol 'Es ist ein Ros' Entsprungen' (p1609) . . . Terpsichore [collection of instrumentation unspecified instrumental dances] (p1612)
Musical Influences:  G Gabrieli; Lasso; Marenzio; Monteverdi; +Schütz; Lutheran hymns

Prokofiev, Sergei (1891-1953) Russian; Paris-based 1920-36, Moscow-based thereafter
Style/Period:  Neoclassical (Expressionist) to c1935; Neoromantic (Socialist Realist) thereafter
Genre Profile:  332---3300---2202---302---32---020
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  important contributor to most main genres
Notable Works:  . . . Piano Conc. #2 in G minor Op.16 (1912-3, r1923) . . . Sym. #1 in D 'Classical' Op.25 (1916-7) . . . Violin Conc. #1 in D Op.19 (1916-7) . . . Piano Conc. #3 in C Op.26 (1917-21) . . . The Love for Three Oranges [opera] Op.33 (1919) . . . The Love for Three Oranges [ballet suite for orch.] Op.33a (1919, r1924) . . . String Quartet #1 in B minor Op.50 (1930) . . . Orchestral Suite from (the film) Lieutenant Kije Op.60 (1934) . . . Violin Conc. #2 in G minor Op.63 (1935) . . . Romeo & Juliet [ballet] Op.64 (1935-6) . . . Peter & the Wolf [sym. poem for narr. & orch.] Op.67 (1936) . . . 3 orchestral suites from (the ballet) Romeo & Juliet (1936/1936/1946) . . . Alexander Nevsky [suite from the film for solo v, chorus & orch.] Op.78 (1939) . . . Piano Sonata #6 in A Op.82 (1939-40) . . . Piano Sonata #7 in B flat Op.83 (1939-42) . . . Cinderella [ballet] Op.87 (1940-4) . . . War & Peace [opera] (1941-3, r1946-52) . . . Sonata for Violin (or Flute) & Piano in D Op.94 (1943-4) . . . Sym. #5 in B flat Op.100 (1944) . . . Sym. #6 in E flat Op.111 (1945-7) . . . Sonata for Cello & Piano in C Op.119 (1949)
Musical Influences:  Debussy; Glière; Miaskovsky; -Mussorgsky; Rachmaninov; Reger; Rimsky-Korsakov; Scriabin; R Strauss; Stravinsky; Tchaikovsky; [N Tcherepnin]; Viennese Classical music
Has Influenced:  [G Antheil]; Kabalevsky; Khachaturian; Lutoslawski; Schnittke; Shchedrin; Shostakovich; Tcherepnin; Tubin; Walton

Puccini, Giacomo (1858-1924) Italian
Style/Period:  Late Italian Romantic (verismo; Impressionist)
Genre Profile:  002---0000---0201---110---03---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known Work:  . . . Crisantemi [str qtt] (1890) . . . Manon Lescaut [opera] (1893) . . . La Bohème [opera] (1896) . . . Tosca [opera] (1900) . . . Madama Butterfly [opera] (1904) . . . Turandot [opera] (1924)
Musical Influences:  +Debussy; Massenet; --Mozart; Ponchielli; +R Strauss; +Stravinsky; Verdi; Wagner
Has Influenced:  Castelnuovo-Tedesco; Korngold; Lehár; MENOTTI; Villa-Lobos

Purcell, Henry (1658/9 - 1695) British; London-based from c1667
Style/Period:  Middle English Baroque
Genre Profile:  032---0010---2220---020---03---330
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  stage works & overs.---songs---chamber music---odes---anthems---solo keyboard
Notable Works:  . . . songs [solo v & continuo] (c1675 to 1694) . . . anthems [mainly for 2-6 solo vv, chorus & org; some w/2-3 additional strings] (c1677 to 1694) . . . 22 Sonatas (in 3 & 4 Parts) [2 vlns, bass viol & continuo/keyb & continuo] (c1680) . . . Dido & Aeneas [opera] (1689) . . . King Arthur [semi-opera] (1691) . . . Hail, Bright Cecilia [secular ode for St. Cecilia's Day for 6 solo vv & 8 instrs.] (1692) . . . The Fairy Queen [semi-opera] (1692) . . . Chaconne in G minor (1942 arr. for string orch.)
Musical Influences:  BLOW; Cavalli; [C Gibbons]; --O Gibbons; -Lawes; LOCKE; Lully; -Monteverdi; French & Italian music
Has Influenced:  +++Bliss; +++Britten; [W Croft]; Handel; +++Holst; +++Tippett

Quantz, Johann Joachim (1697-1773) German; Berlin-based from c1741
Style/Period:  Pre-Classical
Best Known For:  flute (chamber combs., concs.)
Notable Work:  . . . Flute Conc. #161 in G [fl, strings & basso-continuo] (d?)
Musical Influences:  [F Gasparini]; Tartini; Telemann; Vivaldi

Rachmaninov, Sergei (1873-1943) Russian-American; mainly U.S.-based from 1918
Style/Period:  Late Russian Romantic
Genre Profile:  302---3000---0122---300---01---230
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  piano (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)---syms.---symphonic poems and other choral-orchestral & orchestral pcs---songs
Notable Works:  . . . songs [solo v & pf] (1890-1916) . . . Piano Conc. #1 in F sharp minor Op.1 (1890-2, r1917) . . . Prelude #1 in C sharp minor [pf] Op.3 no.2 (1892) . . . Piano Conc. #2 in C minor Op.18 (1900-1) . . . Sonata for Cello & Piano in G minor Op.19 (1901) . . . 23 preludes [pf] Opp. 23/32 (1901-3/1910) . . . Sym. #2 in E minor Op.27 (1906-7) . . . Piano Conc. #3 in D minor Op.30 (1909) . . . The Isle of the Dead [sym. poem] Op.29 (1909) . . . Vocalese [wordless v & orch.] Op.34 no.14 (1912, r1915) . . . The Bells [sym. poem/choral sym. for 3 solo vv, chorus & orch.] Op.35 (1913) . . . Vespers (All-Night Vigil) [2 solo vv & chorus] Op.37 (1915) . . . Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini [pf & orch.] Op.43 (1934) . . . Symphonic Dances [orch.] Op.45 (1940)
Musical Influences:  Arensky; Borodin; -Chopin; Grieg; Liszt; Rimsky-Korsakov; Taneyev; TCHAIKOVSKY; RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH MUSIC
Has Influenced:  Prokofiev

Raff, (Joseph) Joachim (1822-82) Swiss-German
Style/Period:  Middle German Romantic (New German school)
Best Known For:  piano (solo, w/orch.)---syms.
Musical Influences:  Liszt; Mendelssohn
Has Influenced:  MacDowell

Rameau, Jean-Philippe (1683-1764) French; Paris-based from c1722
Style/Period:  Late French Baroque
Genre Profile:  020---0000---0020---030---33---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  operas---ballets---solo harpsichord---chamber music---sacred motets
Notable Works:  . . . Pièces de Clavecins (3 books) [hpschd] (p1706-31), incl. no.20, 'Tambourin' . . . Hippolyte et Aricie [opera tragédie] (1733, r1742) . . . Castor et Pollux [opera tragédie] (1737) . . . Dardanus [opera tragédie] (1739, r1744) . . . 5 Pièces de Clavecin en Concert [hpschd, vln (or fl) & viol (or vln)] (1741) . . . Pygmalion [ballet] (1748)
Musical Influences:  LULLY; Italian opera
Has Influenced:  ++Debussy; Gluck; ++Indy; Leclair; Tartini

Ravel, Maurice (1875-1937) French; mainly Paris-based
Style/Period:  Impressionist (Neoclassical)
Genre Profile:  033---3200---2222---300---32---020
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  piano (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)---orchestral arrs. of piano works---ballets---chamber music---songs---orchestration
Notable Works:  . . . Pavane for a Dead Princess [pf] (1899; orch. arr. 1910) . . . Jeux d'Eau [pf] (1901) . . . String Quartet in F (1902-3) . . . Shéhérazade [song cycle for solo v & orch.] (1903) . . . Alborada del Gracioso (from the pf suite 'Miroirs') (1905; orch. arr. 1918) . . . Introduction et Allegro [harp, fl, cl & str qtt] (1905) . . . Rapsodie Espagnole [orch.] (1907-8) . . . Gaspard de la Nuit [3 poems for pf] (1908) . . . Mother Goose Suite [pf 4 hands] (1908-10) . . . Daphnis et Chloé [ballet/'symphonie chorégraphique'] (1909-12) . . . Mother Goose [ballet after the pf suite] (1911) . . . Valses Nobles et Sentimentales [pf] (1911; orch. arr. 1912) . . . Suite #2 from (the ballet) Daphnis et Chloé [orch.] (1913) . . . Piano Trio in A minor (1914) . . . Le Tombeau de Couperin [pf suite] (1914-7; orch. arr. 1919) . . . La Valse ['poème chorégraphique' for orch.] (1919-20) . . . L'Enfant et les Sortilèges [opera] (1920-5) . . . Sonata for Violin & Piano (1923-7) . . . Tzigane ['rapsodie de concert' for vln & pf (or vln & orch.)] (1924) . . . Boléro [ballet] (1928) . . . Piano Conc. in D 'For the Left Hand' (1929-30) . . . Piano Conc. in G (1929-31)
Musical Influences:  Albéniz; Borodin; CHABRIER; --Chopin; ---F Couperin; Debussy; FAURÉ; +Gershwin; Liszt; Massenet; --Mozart; Mussorgsky; Rimsky-Korsakov; Saint-Saëns; Satie; R Strauss; +Stravinsky; jazz; Spanish music
Has Influenced:  Alwyn; Bax; Berkeley; Bliss; Carpenter; Casella; Castelnuovo-Tedesco; -Debussy; Diamond; Dutilleux; Enescu; Falla; Françaix; Griffes; Ibert; Ireland; Khachaturian; Lutoslawski; Martin; Mompou; Poulenc; Respighi; Rorem; -Roussel; Szymanowski; Tailleferre; Turina; -Vaughan Williams; Walton

Reger, Max (1873-1916) German
Style/Period:  Late German Romantic (Neoclassical)
Genre Profile:  002---2210---2222---232---00---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  solo organ & solo piano---orchestral pcs---chamber music---works for solo string instr.---songs
Notable Works:  . . . Fantasia & Fugue on B-A-C-H [org] Op.46 (1900) . . . Variations & Fugue on an Original Theme in F sharp minor [org] Op.73 (1903) . . . Variations & Fugue on a Theme of J.A. Hiller [orch.] Op.100 (1907) . . . Psalm 100 in D [chorus, org & orch.] Op.106 (1908-9) . . . Variations & Fugue on a Theme of Mozart [orch.] Op.132 (1914) . . . Fantasia & Fugue in D minor [org] Op.135b (1916)
Musical Influences:  ---JS BACH; --Beethoven; BRAHMS; -Chopin; Debussy; Liszt; --Mendelssohn; --Mozart; -R Schumann; R Strauss; Wagner; Wolf; ---Baroque music
Has Influenced:  KA Hartmann; HINDEMITH; Honegger; Karg-Elert; [A Merikanto]; Prokofiev; Schoenberg; Szymanowski; Webern

Reich, Steve (1936-) American; mainly New York-based
Style/Period:  Minimalist
Genre Profile:  012---0011---2212---002---00---12x
Quantity of Work Produced:  modest
Best Known For:  small ensemble pcs (espec. featuring percussion/percussive effects and/or solo instr(s). recorded on magnetic tape)---mixed-media works
Notable Works:  . . . Drumming [2 wordless vv, piccolo & small perc ensemble] (1970-1) . . . Clapping Music [2 performers: handclaps] (1972) . . . Music for 18 Musicians [4 women's vv & instrs.] (1976) . . . The Cave [mixed-media opera] (1991-2)
Musical Influences:  Cage; ---Pérotin; Stravinsky; AFRICAN DRUMMING; jazz; gamelan; EAST ASIAN MUSIC; Hebrew chant
Has Influenced:  ADAMS; -Ligeti; rock music; 'New Age' music

Reicha, Anton (1770-1836) Bohemian-French; Paris-based from 1808
Style/Period:  Post-Classical
Genre Profile:  202---1222---2222---210---02---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  wind quintets & other chamber music featuring wind instrs.
Notable Works:  . . . 24 wind quintets Opp. 88/91/99/100 (1811-20)
Musical Influences:  Beethoven; Gluck; J HAYDN; Mozart
Has Influenced:  Adam; Berlioz; -Danzi; Flotow; Franck; Liszt

Reinecke, Carl (1824-1910) German; Leipzig-based from 1860
Style/Period:  Middle German Romantic (Neoclassical)
Best Known For:  chamber music---lieder---concs.
Notable Work:  . . . Sonata for Flute & Piano 'Undine' Op.167 (c1885)
Musical Influences:  +Brahms; MENDELSSOHN; R SCHUMANN; Wagner

Respighi, Ottorino (1879-1936) Italian; Rome-based from 1913
Style/Period:  Late Italian Romantic (Neomedieval)
Genre Profile:  013---2202---0102---120---22---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  orchestral suites & symphonic poems---songs---ballets---operas---orchestration
Notable Works:  . . . The Fountains of Rome [sym. poem] (1914-6) . . . Ancient Airs & Dances [3 suites for orch.] (1917/1923/1931) . . . The Pines of Rome [sym. poem] (1923-4) . . . The Birds [suite for small orch.] (1927) . . . Three Botticelli Pictures [suite for chamber orch.] (1927) . . . Roman Festivals [sym. poem] (1928)
Musical Influences:  Bruch; Debussy; Ravel; RIMSKY-KORSAKOV; R STRAUSS; ---Medieval plainsong/Gregorian chant; ---Renaissance & Baroque music
Has Influenced:  Castelnuovo-Tedesco; Hanson

Riegger, Wallingford (1885-1961) American; mainly New York-based from 1900
Style/Period:  Post-Schoenbergian Serial (Neoclassical)
Best Known For:  chamber music---syms.---orchestral pcs
Musical Influences:  Schoenberg

Riley, Terry (1935-) American; mainly New York & California-based
Style/Period:  Minimalist/Exoticist
Best Known For:  small ensemble music---magnetic tape or synthesizer-based pcs---improvised music
Notable Work:  . . . In C [instrumentation unspecified] (1964) . . . A Rainbow in Curved Air [keybs, dumbak & tambourines] (1968)
Musical Influences:  Cage; [La. Young]; Indian music; jazz; blues
Has Influenced:  -Ligeti

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay (1844-1908) Russian; mainly St. Petersburg-based from 1856
Style/Period:  Russian Nationalist (Romantic)
Genre Profile:  223---1220---2212---200---02---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  operas---orchestral pcs.---syms.---songs & song cycles---orchestration
Notable Works:  . . . Sadko [sym. poem] Op.5 (1867, r1869 & 1892) . . . Sym. #2 'Antar' Op.9 (1868, r1875 & 1897) . . . The Snow Maiden [opera] (1880-1, r c1895) . . . Capriccio Espagnol [orch.] Op.34 (1887) . . . Russian Easter Festival Over. [concert over.] Op.36 (1888) . . . Scheherazade [orch. suite] Op.35 (1888) . . . Flight of the Bumblebee from (the opera) The Tale of Tsar Sultan [orch.] (1899-1900) . . . Introduction & Wedding March from (the opera) The Tale of Tsar Sultan [orch.] (1903) . . . The Golden Cockerel [opera] (1906-7; orch. suite 1907)
Musical Influences:  BALAKIREV; Berlioz; Dargomïzhsky; Glinka; Liszt; --Mozart; Mussorgsky; Wagner; Oriental melodies; folksong
Has Influenced:  Arensky; Glazunov; Glière; Khachaturian; Lyadov; Miaskovsky; Prokofiev; Rachmaninov; Ravel; RESPIGHI; Shostakovich; STRAVINSKY; [N Tcherepnin]

Rochberg, George (1918-2005) American; mainly Philadelphia-based from 1945
Style/Period:  Post-Schoenbergian Serial to c1965; Neoromantic thereafter
Best Known For:  chamber music---syms.
Musical Influences:  Bartók; Hindemith; -Mahler; Menotti; Schoenberg; Stravinsky; Webern

Rodrigo, Joaquín (1902-99) Spanish
Style/Period:  Spanish Nationalist (Neoclassical)
Genre Profile:  022---2232---0102---202---11---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  guitar (solo, chamber combs., w/orch.)---songs---concs.---solo piano
Notable Works:  . . . Concierto de Aranjuez [guitar & orch.] (1939) . . . Fantasia para un Gentilhombre [guitar & orch.] (1954) . . . Invocacíon y Danza [guitar] (1961) . . . Concierto Madrigal [2 guitars & orch.] (1968)
Musical Influences:  Albéniz; Debussy; DUKAS; Falla; Stravinsky; Turina; FOLK MUSIC; ---Renaissance & Baroque music

Rore, Cipriano de (1515/6 - 1565) Flemish; Parma & Venice-based from late youth or early adulthood
Style/Period:  Middle Italian Renaissance
Best Known For:  madrigals---sacred vocal music (motets, masses, etc.)
Musical Influences:  Josquin; WILLAERT
Has Influenced:  A Gabrieli; Gesualdo; Lasso; Luzzaschi; Marenzio; +Monteverdi; Wert

Rorem, Ned (1923-) American; Paris & Morocco-based 1949-58
Style/Period:  Neoromantic (Neoclassical)
Genre Profile:  212---2112---2222---221---22---230
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  songs & song cycles---choral music---chamber music---orchestral pcs
Notable Works:  . . . War Scenes [song cycle for solo v & pf] (1969) . . . The Nantucket Songs [song cycle for solo v & pf] (1979)
Musical Influences:  Copland; -Debussy; Milhaud; Poulenc; Ravel; Sowerby; Thomson; jazz

Rossini, Gioachino (1792-1868) Italian
Style/Period:  Post-Classical (bel canto)
Genre Profile:  032---0022---2202---200---03---220
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  operas & opera overs.---sacred vocal/choral music---chamber music---songs---solo piano
Notable Works:  . . . 6 String Sonatas [2 vlns, vc & double-bass] (c1804) . . . Over. to (the opera) La Scala di Seta [orch.] (1812) . . . The Italian Woman in Algiers [opera] (1813) . . . Over. to (the opera) The Italian Woman in Algiers [orch.] (1813) . . . Otello [opera] (1816) . . . The Barber of Seville [opera] (1816) . . . Over. to (the opera) The Barber of Seville [orch.] (1816) . . . Cinderella [opera] (1817) . . . The Thieving Magpie [opera] (1817) . . . Over. to (the opera) The Thieving Magpie [orch.] (1817) . . . Semiramide [opera] (1823) . . . Over. to (the opera) Semiramide [orch.] (1823) . . . William Tell [opera] (1829) . . . Over. to (the opera) William Tell [orch.] (1829) . . . Stabat Mater [4 solo vv, chorus & orch.] (1832, r1841) . . . Sins of Old Age 'Péchés de Vieillesse' [150 short pcs for pf &/or various instrs.] (1857-68)
Musical Influences:  --JS Bach; Cimarosa; J Haydn; Mayr; -MOZART; Spontini
Has Influenced:  -Auber; BELLINI; Bizet; -Boieldieu; -Carulli; Chopin; Dargomïzhsky; DONIZETTI; Flotow; -Giuliani; Mercadante; -MEYERBEER; Offenbach; PACINI; Saint-Saëns; Schubert; -Spontini; Verdi; Wagner; Widor

Roussel, Albert (1869-1937) French
Style/Period:  Impressionist to c1918; French Neoclassical thereafter
Genre Profile:  222---1101---2122---212---22---120
Quantity of Work Produced:  considerable
Best Known For:  syms.---ballets---orchestral pcs---chamber music---songs---solo piano
Notable Works:  . . . The Spider's Feast [pantomime ballet] Op.17 (1912) . . . Serenade [fl, vln, va, vc & harp] Op.30 (1925) . . . Suite in F [orch.] Op.33 (1926) . . . Sym. #3 in G minor Op.42 (1929-30) . . . Bacchus et Ariane [ballet] Op.43 (1930; orch. suites 1933 & 1934) . . . Sym. #4 in A Op.53 (1934)
Musical Influences:  DEBUSSY; Franck; INDY; +Ravel; +Stravinsky; Indian & East Asian music
Has Influenced:  Dutilleux; Lutoslawski; Martinu; -Pierné; Piston; -Satie; Walton

Rubinstein, Anton (1829-94) Russian
Style/Period:  Middle Russian Romantic
Genre Profile:  212---2200---2222---200---12---120
Quantity of Work Produced:  extensive
Best Known For:  piano (solo, w/orch.)---syms.---songs---operas
Notable Works:  . . . Melody in F [pf] Op.3 no.1 (1852) . . . Romance in E flat [pf] Op.44 no.1 (1860) . . . Piano Conc. #4 in D minor Op.70 (1864)
Musical Influences:  Chopin; Liszt; MENDELSSOHN; Meyerbeer; R Schumann
Has Influenced:  Busoni; Tchaikovsky

Ruggles, Carl (1876-1971) American
Style/Period:  Experimentalist (Expressionist)
Best Known For:  orchestral pcs---chamber music
Notable Work:  . . . Sun-Treader [orch.] (1926-31)
Musical Influences:  ---JS Bach; Debussy; Ives; R Strauss
Has Influenced:  Harrison

Rutter, John (1945-) British
Style/Period:  English Vernacularist
Best Known For:  choral/choral-orchestral music
Notable Works:  . . . Shepherd's Pipe Carol [chorus & pf] (1967; chorus & orch. arr. 1973) . . . Requiem [solo v, org, chorus & orch.] (1985)
Musical Influences:  folksong; plainchant

CONTINUED