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    Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: To 1950 is a bibliography and full-text archive designed as a service to advanced students and researchers engaged in work in biogeography, biodiversity, history of science, and related studies. All items in the bibliography are primary sources and were published in 1950 or before. The subjects involved touch on fields ranging from ecology, conservation, systematics and physical geography, to evolutionary biology, cultural biogeography, paleobiology, and bioclimatology--but have in common a relevance to the study of geographical distribution and diversity. 

Adams, Charles C. [1873-1955], 1901. Baseleveling and its faunal significance, with illustrations from southeastern United States. American Naturalist 35(418): 839-852. A.T.: physiography; topographical change

_____, 1902. Southeastern United States as a center of geographical distribution of flora and fauna. Biological Bull. (Woods Hole) 3(3): 115-131. A.T.: postglacial dispersal; relicts; centers of dispersal

_____, 1902. Postglacial origin and migrations of the life of the northeastern United States. Journal of Geography 1(7): 303-310; 1(8): 352-357. A.T.: postglacial dispersal; zoogeography; centers of dispersal

_____, 1905. The postglacial dispersal of the North American biota. Biological Bull. (Woods Hole) 9(1): 53-71. A.T.: refugia; centers of dispersal

Adamson, Alastair M. [1901-1945], 1939. Review of the Fauna of the Marquesas Islands and Discussion of Its Origin. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 159. 93 pp. A.T.: island life

Adamson, Robert S. [1885-1965], 1938. The Vegetation of South Africa. London: British Empire Vegetation Committee. 235 pp. A.T.: regional floras

Agassiz, Louis [1807-1873], 1850. Geographical distribution of animals. Christian Examiner and Religious Miscellany 48(2): 181-204. A.T.: zoological provinces

_____, 1854. The primitive diversity and number of animals in geological times. American Journal of Science 17 (2nd ser.): 309-324. A.T.: geological succession; multiple creation

_____, 1854. Sketch of the natural provinces of the animal world and their relation to the different types of man. In Josiah Nott & George R. Gliddon, Types of Mankind or, Ethnological Researches (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, Grambo & Co.): lviii-lxxviii.

Aleem, Anwar A. [1918-1996], 1948. The recent migration of certain Indo-Pacific algae from the Red Sea into the Mediterranean. New Phytologist 47(1): 88-94. A.T.: marine flora; bioinvasions; Suez Canal; dispersal

_____, 1950. Distribution and ecology of British marine littoral diatoms. Journal of Ecology 38(1): 75-106. A.T.: community ecology; algae; phytoplankton

Allan, Harry H. [1882-1957], 1940. A Handbook of the Naturalized Flora of New Zealand. Wellington: Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bull. No. 83. 344 pp. A.T.: introduced species

Allard, Harry A. [1880-1963], 1932. Length of day in relation to the natural and artificial distribution of plants. Ecology 13(3): 221-234. A.T.: environmental factors; seasonal conditions; flowering; plant migration

Allee, Warder C. [1885-1955], 1926. Distribution of animals in a tropical rain-forest with relation to environmental factors. Ecology 7(4): 445-468. A.T.: Panama; animal communities; forest floor

*_____, 1931. Animal Aggregations; A Study in General Sociology. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 431 pp. A.T.: Allee effect; animal ecology; group selection

*Allee, Warder C., A. E. Emerson, O. Park, T. Park, & K. P. Schmidt, 1949. Principles of Animal Ecology. Philadelphia & London: W. B. Saunders. 837 pp. A.T.: sociobiology

Allen, Glover M. [1879-1942], 1911. Mammals of the West Indies. Bull. of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 54(6): 173-263. A.T.: land bridge theory; zoogeography

*_____, 1942. Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphere, With the Marine Species of All the Oceans. Cambridge, MA: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, Special Publication No. 11. 620 pp. A.T.: endangered species; North America; South America; anthropogenic factors

*Allen, Joel A. [1838-1921], 1871. On the mammals and winter birds of East Florida, with an examination of certain assumed specific characters in birds, and a sketch of the bird-faunae of Eastern North America. Bull. of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 2(3): 161-450. A.T.: character variation

_____, 1876. Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size. Bull. of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 2(4): 309-344. A.T.: character variation; size variation

*_____, 1877. The influence of physical conditions in the genesis of species. Radical Review 1: 108-140. A.T.: Allen's Rule; environmental factors; character variation

_____, 1878. The geographical distribution of the Mammalia, considered in relation to the principal ontological regions of the earth, and the laws that govern the distribution of animal life. Bull. of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 4(2): 313-377. A.T.: zoological regions; climatic factors

_____, 1892. The geographical distribution of North American mammals. Bull. of the American Museum of Natural History 4(14): 199-243. A.T.: regional zoogeography

_____, 1893. The geographical origin and distribution of North American birds, considered in relation to faunal areas of North America. Auk 10(2): 97-150. A.T.: regional zoogeography

_____, 1905. The evolution of species through climatic conditions. Science 22(569) (new ser.): 661-668. A.T.: environmental factors; climate; isolation

Amadon, Dean [1912-2003], 1947. Ecology and the evolution of some Hawaiian birds. Evolution 1(1-2): 63-68. A.T.: Hawaiian honeycreepers; Drepaniidae; adaptive radiation

_____, 1948. Continental drift and bird migration. Science 108(2817): 705-707. A.T.: inter-hemispheric migration

*_____, 1950. The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Aves, Drepaniidae). Bull. of the American Museum of Natural History 95(4): 151-262. A.T.: island life; evolution

Anderson, Edgar [1897-1969], 1948. Hybridization of the habitat. Evolution 2(1): 1-9. A.T.: hybrids; anthropogenic factors; evolution

Andrewartha, Herbert G. [1907-1992], 1944. The distribution of plagues of Austroicetes cruciata Sauss. (Acrididae) in Australia in relation to climate, vegetation and soil. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 68: 315-326. A.T.: grasshoppers

Arber, Agnes R. [1879-1960], 1950. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 246 pp. A.T.: plant morphology; plant anatomy; flowering plants

Archey, Gilbert E. [1890-1974], 1941. The Moa; A Study of the Dinornithiformes. Auckland Institute and Museum, Bull. No. 1. 145 pp. A.T.: extinct species; New Zealand

*Arrhenius, Olof [1896-1977], 1921. Species and area. Journal of Ecology 9(1): 95-99. A.T.: species-area relationship; plant associations

_____, 1923. Statistical investigations in the constitution of plant associations. Ecology 4(1): 68-73. A.T.: species-area relationship; sampling

Audubon, John James [1785-1851], 1831-1839. Ornithological Biography, Or an Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America: Accompanied by Descriptions of the Objects Represented in the Work Entitled "The Birds of America." 5 vols. Edinburgh: Adam Black / Adam and Charles Black.

*Axelrod, Daniel I. [1910-1998], 1948. Climate and evolution in western North America during Middle Pliocene time. Evolution 2(2): 127-144. A.T.: paleobotany; Tertiary floras

_____, 1950. Evolution of desert vegetation in western North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 590: 217-306. A.T.: Pleistocene; Tertiary floras

Bailey, Irving W. [1884-1967], & Edmund W. Sinnott [1888-1968], 1916. The climatic distribution of certain types of Angiosperm leaves. American Journal of Botany 3(1): 24-39. A.T.: leaf-margin; environmental factors; morphology

Baker, Frank C. [1867-1942], 1920. The Life of the Pleistocene or Glacial Period as Recorded in the Deposits Laid Down by the Great Ice Sheets. Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Bull. 17(41). 476 pp. A.T.: North America; paleontology

Baker, Frederick S. [1890-1965], 1944. Mountain climates of the western United States. Ecological Monographs 14(2): 223-254. A.T.: regional climatology

Barbour, Thomas [1884-1946], 1912. A contribution to the zoögeography of the East Indian Islands. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College 44(1): 1-203. A.T.: Indonesia; herpetogeography

_____, 1914. A contribution to the zoögeography of the West Indies, with especial reference to amphibians and reptiles. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College 44(2): 209-359. A.T.: herpetogeography

_____, 1916. Some remarks upon Matthew's Climate and Evolution. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 27(1): 1-10. A.T.: waif dispersal; land bridge theory; island biogeography

Barbour, Thomas, & Arthur Loveridge [1891-1980], 1928. A comparative study of the herpetological faunae of the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory, with descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College 50(2): 87-265.

Bartholomew, John G. [1860-1920], William E. Clarke, & Percy H. Grimshaw, 1911. Atlas of Zoogeography. Edinburgh: John Bartholomew. 67 pp.

Barton, John [1789-1852], 1827. A Lecture on the Geography of Plants. London: Harvey and Darton. 94 pp.

*Bates, Henry Walter [1825-1892], 1862. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley: Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23: 495-566. A.T.: mimicry; regional faunas

*_____, 1863. The Naturalist on the River Amazons. London: John Murray. 2 vols. A.T.: Brazil; natural history; entomology

Beaufort, Lieven F. de [1879-1968], 1926. Zoögeographie van den Indischen Archipel. Haarlem: E. F. Bohn. 202 pp. A.T.: Malay Archipelago

Beddard, Frank E. [1858-1925], 1895. A Text-book of Zoogeography. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. 245 pp.

Beirne, Bryan P. [1918-1998], 1947. The history of the British land mammals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14 (11th ser.): 501-514. A.T.: zoogeography; Pleistocene; regional faunas

*Belt, Thomas [1832-1878], 1874. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. London: John Murray. 403 pp. A.T.: natural history

Berg, Lev S. [1876-1950], 1950. Natural Regions of the U. S. S. R. (transl. of the Russian ed.). New York: Macmillan. 436 pp. A.T.: regional floras; regional geography; environmental factors

*Bergmann, Carl G. L. C. [1814-1865], 1847. Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse. Göttinger Studien (Göttingen) 3(1): 595-708. A.T.: Bergmann's Rule; ecogeographic rules

Berry, Edward W. [1875-1945], 1911. The Lower Cretaceous floras of the world. Maryland Geological Survey: 99-151. A.T.: paleobotany

_____, 1916. The Upper Cretaceous floras of the world. Maryland Geological Survey: 183-313. A.T.: paleobotany

_____, 1916. The Lower Eocene Floras of Southeastern North America. Washington, D.C.: Geological Survey (U.S.), Professional Paper No. 91. 481 pp. A.T.: paleobotany

_____, 1924. The Middle and Upper Eocene Floras of Southeastern North America. Washington, D.C.: Geological Survey (U.S.), Professional Paper No. 92. 206 pp. A.T.: paleobotany

_____, 1937. Tertiary floras of eastern North America. Botanical Review 3(1): 31-46. A.T.: paleobotany

Bews, John W. [1884-1938], 1925. Plant Forms and Their Evolution in South Africa. London, etc.: Longmans, Green and Co. 199 pp. A.T.: phytogeography; regional biogeography

_____, 1927. Studies in the ecological evolution of the angiosperms. New Phytologist 26: 1-21, 65-84, 129-148, 209-248, 273-294. A.T.: climatic factors; grasses; habitat forms; flowering plants

Billings, W. Dwight [1910-1997], 1950. Vegetation and plant growth as affected by chemically altered rocks in the western Great Basin. Ecology 31(1): 62-74. A.T.: chemical weathering; soil; relictual stands

Bisby, Guy Richard [1889-1958], 1943. Geographical distribution of fungi. Botanical Review 9(7): 466-482. A.T.: dispersal; climate; age and area

Black, George A. [1916-1957], Th. Dobzhansky, & C. Pavan, 1950. Some attempts to estimate species diversity and population density of trees in Amazonian forests. Botanical Gazette 111(4): 413-425. A.T.: Brazil; tree counts; sampling

Bland, Thomas [1809-1885], 1862. On the geographical distribution of the genera and species of land shells of the West India Islands; With a catalogue of the species of each island. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 7: 335-361.

Blanford, William T. [1832-1905], 1876. The African element in the fauna of India: a criticism of Mr. Wallace's views as expressed in the "Geographical Distribution of Animals." Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18 (4th ser.): 277-294. A.T.: regional zoogeography; zoological provinces; birds; mammals; reptiles

_____, 1890. The anniversary address of the President. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London (1889-90): 43-110. A.T.: oceanic basins permanence hypothesis; island biogeography; zoological regions

_____, 1901. The distribution of vertebrate animals in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 194: 335-436. A.T.: zoogeography; faunas; sub-regions; refugia; glacial epoch

Blyth, Edward [1810-1873], 1835. An attempt to classify the "varieties" of animals, with observations on the marked seasonal and other changes which naturally take place in various British species, and which do not constitute varieties. Magazine of Natural History 8(1): 40-53.

_____, 1871. A suggested new division of the earth into zoological regions. Nature 3: 427-429. A.T.: regional zoogeography

*Bogert, Charles M. [1908-1992], 1949. Thermoregulation in reptiles, a factor in evolution. Evolution 3(3): 195-211. A.T.: physiological ecology; body temperature; bioclimatology

Bonaparte, "Prince" Charles Lucien [1803-1857], 1838. A Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America. London: John Van Voorst. 67 pp. A.T.: regional faunas

Bond, James [1900-1989], 1940. Check-list of Birds of the West Indies. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences. 184 pp. A.T.: regional faunas

_____, 1948. Origin of the bird fauna of the West Indies. Wilson Bull. 60(4): 207-229. A.T.: ornithogeography; regional biogeography

*Borchert, John R. [1918-2001], 1950. The climate of the central North American grassland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 40(1): 1-39. A.T.: Great Plains; prairie; regional climatology

Bory de Saint-Vincent, Jean Baptiste G. M. [1778-1846], 1803. Essais sur les Isles Fortunées et l'Antique Atlantide, ou, Précis de l'Histoire Générale de l'Archipel des Canaries. Paris: Baudouin. 522 pp. A.T.: island life; natural history; Canary Islands

_____, 1804. Voyage dans les Quatres Principales Îles des Mers d'Afrique . . . Paris: Chez F. Buisson. 3 vols. A.T.: island life; natural history; Canary Islands; Réunion; Mauritius; Saint Helena

Boulenger, George A. [1858-1937], 1905. The distribution of African fresh-water fishes. Nature 72: 413-421. A.T.: zoogeography; regional faunas

Bower, Frederick O. [1855-1948], 1908. The Origin of a Land Flora, A Theory Based Upon the Facts of Alternation. London: Macmillan and Co. 727 pp. A.T.: sporophytes; alternation of generations

_____, 1930. Size and Form in Plants with Special Reference to the Primary Conducting Tracts. London: Macmillan. 232 pp. A.T.: environmental factors; morphology

_____, 1935. Primitive Land Plants; Also Known as Archegoniatae. London: Macmillan. 658 pp. A.T.: cryptogams; alternation of generations; plant evolution

Boyko, Hugo [1892-1970], 1947. On the role of plants as quantitative climate indicators and the geo-ecological law of distribution. Journal of Ecology 35(1-2): 138-157. A.T.: insolation; exposure; slope aspect; topographical distribution

Braestrup, Frits W. [b. 1906], 1947. Remarks on faunal exchange through the Sahara. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening (Copenhagen) 110: 1-15.

*Braun, E. Lucy [1889-1971], 1950. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Philadelphia: Blakiston. 596 pp. A.T.: regional phytogeography; regional floras

*Braun-Blanquet, Josias [1884-1980], 1932. Plant Sociology; The Study of Plant Communities. New York: McGraw-Hill. 439 pp. A.T.: plant ecology; synecology

Bray, William L. [1865-1953], 1900. The relations of the North American flora to that of South America. Science 12(306) (new ser.): 709-716. A.T.: remnant floras; anthropogenic factors; long-term change; environmental factors

Brongniart, Adolphe T. [1801-1876], 1828-1837. Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles, ou Recherches Botaniques et Géologiques sur les Végétaux Renfermés dans les Diverses Couches du Globe. Paris & Amsterdam: G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne. 2 vols. A.T.: paleobotany

*Brooks, Charles E. P. [1888-1957], 1926. Climate Through the Ages; A Study of the Climatic Factors and Their Variations. London: Ernest Benn. 439 pp. A.T.: interglacial periods; climate fluctuations; paleogeography

*Brooks, John Langdon [b. 1920], 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes. Quarterly Review of Biology 25(1): 30-60; 25(2): 131-176. A.T.: Lake Baikal; Lake Tanganyika; Lake Nyasa

Brown, Robert [1773-1858], & Ferdinand Bauer [1760-1826], 1814. General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis. In Matthew Flinders, Robert Brown, William Westall, John Pye, William Finden, & John Scott, A Voyage to Terra Australis . . . (London: G. and W. Nicol. 2 vols.), Vol. 2, Appendix No. 3: 533-591.

Brues, Charles T. [1879-1955], 1927. Animal life in hot springs. Quarterly Review of Biology 2(2): 181-203. A.T.: temperature; chemical factors

Brunhes, Bernard [1867-1910], 1906. Recherches sur la direction d'aimantation des roches volcaniques. Journal de Physique, Théorique et Appliquée 5 (4th ser.): 705-724. A.T.: geomagnetism

*Buffon, G.-L. Leclerc, Comte de [1707-1788], 1749-1789. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particuliere, Avec la Description du Cabinet du Roi. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 36 vols. A.T.: natural history

Buxton, Patrick A. [1892-1956], 1923. Animal Life in Deserts; A Study of the Fauna in Relation to the Environment. London: Arnold. 176 pp. A.T.: physiological ecology; environmental factors

Cain, Stanley A. [1902-1995], 1931. Ecological studies of the vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. I. Soil reaction and plant distribution. Botanical Gazette 91(1): 22-41. A.T.: pH; soil acidity; environmental factors

_____, 1938. The species-area curve. American Midland Naturalist 19(3): 573-581. A.T.: quadrat sampling; plant communities

_____, 1943. Criteria for the indication of center of origin in plant geographical studies. Torreya 43(2): 132-154. A.T.: dispersal

*_____, 1944. Foundations of Plant Geography. New York: Harper & Brothers. 556 pp. A.T.: phytogeography; areography; paleoecology; polyploidy

_____, 1947. Characteristics of natural areas and factors in their development. Ecological Monographs 17(2): 185-200. A.T.: plant associations; phytogeography; mapped data

_____, 1950. Life-forms and phytoclimate. Botanical Review 16(1): 1-32. A.T.: Raunkiaer; vegetative form; climatic factors; phytogeography

Camp, Wendell H. [1904-1963], 1947. Distribution patterns in modern plants and the problems of ancient dispersals. Ecological Monographs 17(2): 159-183. A.T.: angiosperms; southern continents; evolutionary origins

Campbell, Douglas H. [1859-1953], 1944. Relations of the temperate floras of North and South America. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 25(2) (4th ser.): 139-146. A.T.: continental drift; phytogeography; historical biogeography

*Candolle, Alphonse L. P. P. de [1806-1893], 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonnée; Ou, Exposition des Faits Principaux et des Lois Concernant la Distribution Géographique des Plantes de l'Epoque Actuelle. Paris: V. Masson. 2 vols. A.T.: statistical methods

_____, 1859. On the causes which limit vegetable species towards the north, in Europe and similar regions. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1858: 237-245. A.T.: limiting factors; temperature

_____, 1883. Origine des Plantes Cultivées. Paris: G. Baillière. 377 pp. (English transl.: Origin of Cultivated Plants. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1884. 468 pp.) A.T.: cultural biogeography; plant domestication; economic botany

Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de [1778-1841], 1817. Mémoire sur la géographie des plantes de France, considerée dans ses rapports avec la hauteur absolue. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil 3: 262-322. A.T.: physical factors

_____, 1820. Essai Élémentaire de Géographie Botanique. Strasburg: F. G. Levrault. 64 pp. A.T.: stations & habitations; phytogeography

Chambers, Robert [1802-1871], 1844 (published anonymously). Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. London: J. Churchill. 390 pp. A.T.: evolution

Chaney, Ralph W. [1890-1971], 1938. Paleoecological interpretations of Cenozoic plants in western North America. Botanical Review 4(7): 371-396. A.T.: paleobotany; climatic change

_____, 1940. Tertiary forests and continental history. Bull. of the Geological Society of America 51(3): 469-488. A.T.: paleobotany

_____, 1947. Tertiary centers and migration routes. Ecological Monographs 17(2): 139-148. A.T.: floras; forests; North America

_____, 1948. The bearing of the living Metasequoia on problems of Tertiary paleobotany. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 34(11): 503-515. A.T.: China

Chapin, James P. [1889-1964], 1923. Ecological aspects of bird distribution in tropical Africa. American Naturalist 57(649): 106-125. A.T.: temperature; environmental factors; isolation by altitude

Chapman, Frank M. [1864-1945], 1917. The Distribution of Bird-life in Colombia; A Contribution to a Biological Survey of South America. New York: American Museum of Natural History, Bull. Vol. 36. 729 pp. A.T.: regional faunas; life zones; ornithogeography

_____, 1926. The Distribution of Bird-life in Ecuador; A Contribution to a Study of the Origin of Andean Bird-life. New York: American Museum of Natural History, Bull. Vol. 55. 784 pp. A.T.: regional faunas; life zones; ornithogeography

*Chapman, Royal N. [1889-1939], 1928. The quantitative analysis of environmental factors. Ecology 9(2): 111-122. A.T.: Tribolium; flour beetles; populations; hypothesis testing

*_____, 1931. Animal Ecology, With Special Reference to Insects. New York: McGraw-Hill. 464 pp. A.T.: environmental factors; communities

Clark, Andrew H. [1911-1975], 1949. The Invasion of New Zealand by People, Plants and Animals: The South Island. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press. 465 pp. A.T.: cultural biogeography; introduced species; anthropogenic factors

Clark, Hubert L. [1870-1947], 1946. The Echinoderm Fauna of Australia, Its Composition and Its Origin. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 566. 567 pp. A.T.: regional faunas

*Clausen, Jens [1891-1969], David D. Keck, & William M. Hiesey, 1940. Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. I. Effect of Varied Environments on Western North American Plants. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 520. 452 pp. A.T.: environmental factors

_____, 1941. Regional differentiation in plant species. American Naturalist 75(758): 231-250. A.T.: vertical distribution; climatic races; ecotypes

_____, 1947. Heredity of geographically and ecologically isolated races. American Naturalist 81(797): 114-133. A.T.: Compositae; California; hybrids; sub-species; sunflowers

*_____, 1948. Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. III. Environmental Responses of Climatic Races of Achillea. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 581. 129 pp. A.T.: yarrow; environmental factors

Clements, Frederic E. [1874-1945], 1905. Research Methods in Ecology. Lincoln: University Pub. Co. 334 pp. A.T.: plant ecology

**_____, 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 242. 512 pp. A.T.: community ecology; climatic factors; ecological climax

*_____, 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24(1): 252-284. A.T.: biotic communities; plant succession

*Clements, Frederic E., & Victor E. Shelford [1877-1968], 1939. Bio-ecology. New York: John Wiley, & London: Chapman & Hall, London. 425 pp. A.T.: plant succession; ecology; community ecology

Coe, Wesley R. [1869-1960], 1946. The means of dispersal of bathypelagic animals in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. American Naturalist 80(793): 453-469. A.T.: ocean currents; larvae; ocean circulation

Cooke, May Thacher [1885-1963], 1928. The Spread of the European Starling in North America (to 1928). United States Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 40. 10 pp. A.T.: naturalized species; introduced species; bioinvasions

Cooper, James G. [1830-1902], 1859. On the distribution of the forests and trees of North America, with notes on its physical geography. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year 1858: 246-280.

Cooper, William S. [1884-1978], 1913. The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development. I. Botanical Gazette 55(1): 1-44. A.T.: ecological climax; coniferous forest; island life

_____, 1926. The fundamentals of vegetational change. Ecology 7(4): 391-413. A.T.: dynamic ecology; history of ecology; ecological theory

Cope, Edward Drinker [1840-1897], 1875. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia with a systematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution, based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum. Bull. of the United States National Museum No. 1: 1-104.

**Cowles, Henry C. [1869-1939], 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette 27: 95-117, 167-202, 281-308, 361-391. A.T.: ecological climax; pine forests; oak forests

*_____, 1901. The physiographic ecology of Chicago and vicinity; a study of the origin, development, and classification of plant societies. Botanical Gazette 31: 73-108, 145-182. A.T.: ecological climax; phytogeography; Schimper; plant formations

*Cowles, Raymond B. [1896-1975], & Charles M. Bogert [1908-1992], 1944. A preliminary study of the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Bull. of the American Museum of Natural History 83(5): 265-296. A.T.: temperature; physiological ecology

Cunnington, William A., 1920. The fauna of the African lakes: A study in comparative limnology with special reference to Lake Tanganyika. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1920: 507-622. A.T.: regional faunas

Curtis, John T. [1913-1961], & H. C. Greene, 1949. A study of relic Wisconsin prairies by the species-presence method. Ecology 30(1): 83-92. A.T.: indicator species; relicts

Cuvier, Georges [1769-1832], 1812. Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles de Quadrupèdes, etc. Paris: Deterville. 4 vols. A.T.: paleontology

*Cuvier, Georges, & Pierre-André Latreille [1762-1833], 1817. Le Règne Animal Distribué d'après son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée. Tome I. L'Introduction, Les Mammifères et Les Oiseaux. Paris: Deterville. 540 pp. A.T.: comparative anatomy

Dahl, Eilif [1916-1993], 1946. On different types of unglaciated areas during the ice ages and their significance to phytogeography. New Phytologist 45(2): 225-242. A.T.: arctic floras; refugia

Dammerman, Karel W. [1885-1951], 1929. On the zoogeography of Java. Treubia 11(1): 1-88. A.T.: vertebrates; molluscs; regional biogeography; regional faunas

*_____, 1948. The Fauna of Krakatau 1883-1933. Koninklïjke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Natuurkunde, Verhandelingen 2. Sect., Deel 44. 594 pp. A.T.: island biogeography; colonization

Dana, James D. [1813-1895], 1853. On the question whether temperature determines the distribution of marine species of animals in depth. American Journal of Science and Arts 15 (2nd ser.): 204-207. A.T.: molluscs

_____, 1853. On an isothermal oceanic chart, illustrating the geographical distribution of marine animals. American Journal of Science and Arts 16 (2nd ser.): 153-167, 314-327. A.T.: isocrymes; zoological provinces; winter temperatures

_____, 1856. On the origin of the geographical distribution of Crustacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17 (2nd ser.): 42-51. A.T.: centers of creation; dispersal; centers of diffusion

_____, 1872. Corals and Coral Islands. New York: Dodd & Mead. 398 pp. A.T.: coral reefs

Darlington, Philip J., Jr. [1904-1983], 1938. Was there an Archatlantis? American Naturalist 72(743): 521-533. A.T.: Carabidae; beetles; land bridge theory; West Indies

*_____, 1938. The origin of the fauna of the Greater Antilles, with discussion of dispersal of animals over water and through the air. Quarterly Review of Biology 13(3): 274-300. A.T.: West Indies; accidental dispersal; island biogeography; land bridge theory

*_____, 1943. Carabidae of mountains and islands: Data on the evolution of isolated faunas, and on atrophy of wings. Ecological Monographs 13(1): 37-61. A.T.: insects; island biogeography; beetles

_____, 1948. The geographical distribution of cold-blooded vertebrates. Quarterly Review of Biology 23(1): 1-26; 23(2): 105-123. A.T.: reptiles; amphibians; freshwater fishes; dispersal; zoogeography

*Darwin, Charles [1809-1882], 1839. Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle. London: Henry Colburn. 615 pp.

_____, 1842. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. London: Smith, Elder and Co. 214 pp.

**_____, 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray. 502 pp. A.T.: evolution; Darwinism

_____, 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. London: John Murray. 2 vols. A.T.: character variation

Daubenmire, Rexford F. [1909-1995], 1938. Merriam's life zones of North America. Quarterly Review of Biology 13(3): 327-332. A.T.: biotic provinces; temperature; bioclimatic zones

*_____, 1943. Vegetational zonation in the Rocky Mountains. Botanical Review 9(6): 325-393. A.T.: altitudinal zonation; alpine environments

*_____, 1947. Plants and Environment, A Textbook of Plant Autecology. New York: J. Wiley. 424 pp. A.T.: plant ecology; environmental factors

Davidson, James [d. 1945], & Herbert G. Andrewartha [1907-1992], 1948. Annual trends in a natural population of Thrips imaginis (Thysanoptera). Journal of Animal Ecology 17(2): 193-199. A.T.: climatic factors; population levels

Davies, Arthur M. [1869-1959], 1934-1935. Tertiary Faunas: A Text-book for Oilfield Palæontologists and Students of Geology. London: Thomas Murby & Co. 2 vols. A.T.: paleontology

Dawson, George M. [1849-1901], 1894. The extinct northern sea-cow, and early Russian explorations in the North Pacific. Ottawa Naturalist 7(10): 151-161.

*Deevey, Edward S., Jr. [1914-1988], 1949. Biogeography of the Pleistocene. Part I: Europe and North America. Bull. of the Geological Society of America 60(9): 1315-1416. A.T.: glacial epoch; postglacial dispersal

_____, 1950. Hydroids from Louisiana and Texas, with remarks on the Pleistocene biogeography of the western Gulf of Mexico. Ecology 31(3): 334-367. A.T.: disjunct distribution patterns

Dice, Lee R. [1887-1977], 1923. Life zones and mammalian distribution. Journal of Mammalogy 4(1): 39-47. A.T.: Alabama

_____, 1931. The relation of mammalian distribution to vegetation types. Scientific Monthly 33(4): 312-317. A.T.: climatic factors

*_____, 1943. The Biotic Provinces of North America. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press. 78 pp. A.T.: systematic biogeography

**_____, 1945. Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology 26(3): 297-302. A.T.: Dice coefficient; Dice index; coefficients of association; measures of association

Dickerson, Roy E. [1878-1944], Elmer D. Merrill [1876-1956], Richard C. McGregor, W. Schultze, Edward H. Taylor, & Albert W. C. T. Herre, 1928. Distribution of Life in the Philippines. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 322 pp. A.T.: regional biotas

Dieffenbach, Ernst [1811-1855], 1843. Travels in New Zealand: With Contributions to the Geography, Geology, Botany, and Natural History of That Country. London: John Murray. 2 vols. [Vol. 1; Vol. 2] A.T.: regional biotas

Dobson, George Edward [1848-1895], 1884. On some peculiarities in the geographical distribution and in the habits of certain mammals inhabiting continental and oceanic islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14 (5th ser.): 153-159. A.T.: island life

Dobzhansky, Theodosius [1900-1975], 1940. Speciation as a stage in evolutionary divergence. American Naturalist 74(753): 312-321. A.T.: isolating mechanisms; physiological isolation

*_____, 1950. Evolution in the tropics. American Scientist 38(2): 209-221. A.T.: biodiversity; Drosophila; environmental factors

*Docters van Leeuwen, Willem M. [1880-1960], 1936. Krakatau, 1883 to 1933. A. Botany. Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg (Buitenzorg, Java), Annales Vols. 46-47. 506 pp. A.T.: succession; colonization

Dokuchaev, Vasilii V. [1846-1903], 1967. Russian Chernozem (transl. of the Russian ed., Russkii Chernozem, first published in 1883). Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. 419 pp.

Doty, Maxwell S. [b. 1916], 1946. Critical tide factors that are correlated with the vertical distribution of marine algae and other organisms along the Pacific Coast. Ecology 27(4): 315-328. A.T.: environmental factors; intertidal zone

Douglass, Andrew Ellicott [1867-1962], 1919, 1928, 1936. Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 289. 3 vols. A.T.: climatic factors; solar activity; annual tree rings, dendrochronology

_____, 1941. Crossdating in dendrochronology. Journal of Forestry 39(10): 825-831. A.T.: tree ring chronology; annual tree rings

Drude, Oscar [1852-1933], 1890. Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorn. 582 pp. (French transl.: Manuel de Géographie Botanique. Paris: P. Klincksieck, 1897. 552 pp.) A.T.: phytogeography

Duff, Roger S. [1912-1978], 1950. The Moa-hunter Period of Maori Culture. Wellington, New Zealand: Dept. of Internal Affairs, Canterbury Museum Bull. No. 1. 405 pp. A.T.: extinct species

Dunn, Emmett Reid [1894-1956], 1922. A suggestion to zoogeographers. Science 56(1447): 336-338. A.T.: geographical range; physiographic boundaries

_____, 1923. The geographical distribution of amphibians. American Naturalist 57(649): 129-136. A.T.: salamanders; dispersalism; age and area

_____, 1931. The herpetological fauna of the Americas. Copeia (3): 106-119. A.T.: regional faunas; zoogeography

Du Rietz, G. Einar [1895-1967], 1931. Life-forms of terrestrial flowering plants. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 3(1): 1-95.

_____, 1940. Problems of bipolar plant distribution. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 13: 215-282. A.T.: phytogeography

_____, 1949. Huvudenheter och huvudgränser i Svensk myrvegetation. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 43: 274–309. A.T.: mire vegetation; peat

Du Toit, Alexander L. [1878-1948], 1927. A Geological Comparison of South America with South Africa. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 381. 158 pp. A.T.: continental drift; historical geology; paleogeography

**_____, 1937. Our Wandering Continents; An Hypothesis of Continental Drifting. Edinburgh & London: Oliver & Boyd. 366 pp. A.T.: paleogeography

_____, 1944. Tertiary mammals and continental drift; a rejoinder to George G. Simpson. American Journal of Science 242(3): 145-163. A.T.: land bridge theory; paleogeography

Egler, Frank E. [1911-1996], 1942. Indigene versus alien in the development of arid Hawaiian vegetation. Ecology 23(1): 14-23. A.T.: naturalized plants; indigenous plants

Eigenmann, Carl H. [1863-1927], 1909. The fresh-water fishes of Patagonia and an examination of the Archiplata-Archhelenis theory. In William B. Scott, ed., Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press), Vol. 3(3): 225-374. A.T.: land bridge theory

_____, 1909. Cave Vertebrates of America; A Study in Degenerative Evolution. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 104. 241 pp.

_____, 1912. The Freshwater Fishes of British Guiana, Including a Study of the Ecological Grouping of Species and the Relation of the Fauna of the Plateau to That of the Lowlands. Pittsburgh: Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum Vol. 5. 578 pp. A.T.: regional biogeography

Eiseley, Loren C. [1907-1977], 1943. Archaeological observations on the problem of post-glacial extinction. American Antiquity 8(3): 209-217. A.T.: anthropogenic factors

_____, 1945. Myth and mammoth in archaeology. American Antiquity 11(2): 84-87. A.T.: extinct species

_____, 1946. Men, mastodons, and myth. Scientific Monthly 62(6): 517-524. A.T.: extinct species

Ekman, Sven [1876-1964], 1935. Tiergeographie des Meeres. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 542 pp. A.T.: marine biogeography

_____, 1940. Begründung einer Statistischen Methode in der Regionalen Tiergeographie; Nebst einer Analyse der Palaarktischen Steppen- und Wustenfauna. Uppsala: Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientarum Upsaliensis 12(2) (4th ser.). 117 pp. A.T.: statistical methods; zoogeography

Ellerman, John Reeves [1909-1973], 1940-1949. The Families and Genera of Living Rodents. London: British Museum (Natural History). 3 vols.

*Elton, Charles S. [1900-1991], 1924. Periodic fluctuations in the numbers of animals: Their causes and effects. British Journal of Experimental Biology 2(1): 119-163. A.T.: population biology; population cycles

_____, 1925. The dispersal of insects to Spitsbergen. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1925 (Vol. 73): 289-299. A.T.: island biogeography

*_____, 1927. Animal Ecology. London: Sidgwick & Jackson; New York: Macmillan. 207 pp.

_____, 1949. Population interspersion: an essay on animal community patterns. Journal of Ecology 37(1): 1-23. A.T.: community ecology; habitat; patchiness

Engler, Adolf [1844-1930], 1879-1882. Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt, Insbesondere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiärperiode. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 2 vols. A.T.: paleobotany; phytogeography

Engler, Adolf, & Oscar Drude [1852-1933], eds., 1896-1928. Die Vegetation der Erde. Sammlung Pflanzengeographischer Monographien. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 15 vols. A.T.: phytogeography

*Engler, Adolf, & Karl Prantl, eds., 1887-1909. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 32 vols. A.T.: botany

Ernst, Alfred, 1908. The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatau (translated from the German by Albert C. Seward). Cambridge, U.K.: University Press. 74 pp. A.T.: colonization

Felt, E. Porter [1868-1943], 1925. The dissemination of insects by air currents. Journal of Economic Entomology 18(1): 152-158. A.T.: dispersal; wind

Fernald, Merritt L. [1873-1950], 1924. Isolation and endemism in northeastern America and their relation to the age-and-area hypothesis. American Journal of Botany 11(9): 558-572. A.T.: floras; phytogeography

_____, 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 15(3): 239-342. A.T.: relicts

_____, 1929. Some relationships of the floras of the Northern Hemisphere. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca . . . (Menasha, WI: George Banta Pub. Co.), Vol. 2: 1487-1507. A.T.: disjunct distribution patterns; postglacial distribution patterns

_____, 1931. Specific segregations and identities in some floras of eastern North America and the Old World. Rhodora 33: 25-63. A.T.: phytogeography; disjunct distribution patterns; paleogeography

Fisher, Albert K. [1856-1948], et al., 1893. The Death Valley Expedition. A Biological Survey of Parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. Part II. Washington, D.C.: North American Fauna No. 7. 402 pp. A.T.: regional biotas; natural history

*Fisher, Ronald A. [1890-1962], A. S. Corbet, & C. B. Williams [1889-1981], 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12(1): 42-58. A.T.: butterflies; mathematical models; diversity indices

Fleming, John [1785-1857], 1828. A History of British Animals, Exhibiting the Descriptive Characters and Systematical Arrangement of the Genera and Species of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; Including the Indigenous, Extirpated, and Extinct Kinds, Together with Periodical and Occasional Visitants. Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute; London: James Duncan. 565 pp. A.T.: regional faunas

_____, 1829. On the value of the evidence from the animal kingdom, tending to prove that the Arctic regions formerly enjoyed a milder climate than at present. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 6: 277-286. A.T.: analogy; extinct species; Siberia

Florin, Rudolf [1894-1965], 1940. The Tertiary Fossil Conifers of South Chile and Their Phytogeographical Significance, With a Review of the Fossil Conifers of Southern Lands. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksells. 107 pp. A.T.: paleobotany

Forbes, Edward [1815-1854], 1844. Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean Sea, and on their distribution, considered as bearing on geology. In Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1843 (London: J. Murray): 130-193.

*_____, 1846. On the connexion between the distribution of the existing fauna and flora of the British Isles, and the geological changes which have affected their area, especially during the epoch of the northern drift. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Economic Geology in London 1: 336-432. A.T.: historical biogeography; Pleistocene

_____, 1854. On the manifestation of polarity in the distribution of organized beings in time. Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution 1: 428-433.

_____, 1856. Zoological geography: distribution of marine life. In Alexander K. Johnston, The Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena (Edinburgh: W. Blackwood): 99-102. A.T.: marine biogeography

_____, 1859 (edited and continued by Robert A. C. Godwin-Austen). The Natural History of the European Seas. London: John Van Voorst. 306 pp. A.T.: marine biogeography

*Forbes, Stephen A. [1844-1930], 1887. The lake as a microcosm. Bull. of the Scientific Association, 1887 (Peoria, IL): 77-87. (1925 reprint: Illinois Natural History Survey Bull. 15: 537-550) A.T.: limnology; ecology

_____, 1907. On the local distribution of certain Illinois fishes: An essay in statistical ecology. Bull. of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 7: 273-303.

*Forster, Georg [1754-1794], 1777. A Voyage Round the World, in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop, Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, During the Years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. London: B. White, J. Robson, P. Elmsly, & G. Robinson. 2 vols. A.T.: natural history

Forster, Johann Reinhold [1728-1798], 1778. Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World, on Physical Geography, Natural History, and Ethic Philosophy. London: G. Robinson. 649 pp.

Fosberg, F. Raymond [1908-1993], 1948. Derivation of the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. In Elwood C. Zimmerman, Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 1: Introduction (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press): 107-119. A.T.: phytogeography; island biogeography

Fraenkel, Gottfried S. [1901-1984], 1932. Die Wanderungen der Insekten. Ergebnisse der Biologie 9: 1-238. A.T.: dispersal; insects

Freeman, J. A. [b. 1912], 1945. Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. The insect population of the air from ground level to 300 feet. Journal of Animal Ecology 14(2): 128-154. A.T.: England; wind dispersal; economic entomology

**Fry, Frederick E. J. [1908-1989], 1947. Effects of the Environment on Animal Activity. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Studies Biological Series, No. 55. 62 pp. A.T.: fishes; metabolic rate; temperature; physiological ecology

Fry, Frederick E. J., & J. S. Hart, 1948. The relation of temperature to oxygen consumption in the goldfish. Biological Bull. 94(1): 66-77. A.T.: physiological ecology; metabolism

Gadow, Hans F. [1855-1928], 1905. The distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1905, Pt. 2: 191-244. A.T.: regional biogeography

_____, 1910. The effect of altitude upon the distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Zoologische Jahrbücher: Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 29(6): 689-714. A.T.: temperature

_____, 1913. The Wanderings of Animals. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 150 pp. A.T.: dispersal

Garren, Kenneth H. [b. 1912], 1943. Effects of fire on vegetation of the southeastern United States. Botanical Review 9(9): 617-654. A.T.: plant succession; ecological climax; controlled burning

Garretson, Martin S. [1866-1955], 1938. The American Bison; The Story of Its Extermination as a Wild Species and its Restoration Under Federal Protection. New York: New York Zoological Society. 254 pp.

Gaussen, Henri [1891-1981], 1933. Géographie des Plantes. Paris: A. Colin. 222 pp. A.T.: phytogeography

*Gauz[s]e, Georgii F. [1910-1986], 1934. The Struggle for Existence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 163 pp. A.T.: natural selection; mathematical models

*Geiger, Rudolf [1894-1981], 1950. The Climate Near the Ground. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 482 pp. A.T.: bioclimatology; microclimatology

Gentilli, Joseph [1912-2000], 1949. Foundations of Australian bird geography. Emu 49(2): 85-129.

Gibbs, Lilian S. [1870-1925], 1920. Notes on the phytogeography and flora of the mountain summit plateaux of Tasmania. Journal of Ecology 8: 1-17, 89-117. A.T.: montane floras; floristic evolution

Gill, Theodore [1837-1914], 1885. The principles of zoogeography. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 2: 1-39. A.T.: faunal realms

_____, 1893. A comparison of antipodal faunas. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington, D.C.) 6(5): 89-124. A.T.: New Zealand; fishes; British Isles

Gleason, Henry A. [1882-1975], 1912. An isolated prairie grove and its phytogeographical significance. Botanical Gazette 53(1): 38-49. A.T.: fire; relictual distribution; oak forests

*_____, 1917. The structure and development of the plant association. Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club 44(10): 463-481. A.T.: plant succession; ecological climax; environmental factors; individualistic hypothesis

_____, 1922. The vegetational history of the Middle West. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 12: 39-85. A.T.: plant migration; dispersal; glacial epoch; interglacial periods; anthropogenic factors

*_____, 1922. On the relation between species and area. Ecology 3(2): 158-162. A.T.: quadrat sampling; plant associations

_____, 1925. Species and area. Ecology 6(1): 66-74. A.T.: species-area relationship; quadrat sampling; aspen association

**_____, 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club 53(1): 7-26. A.T.: community ecology; philosophy of ecology

*_____, 1939. The individualistic concept of the plant association. American Midland Naturalist 21(1): 92-110. A.T.: community ecology; philosophy of ecology; plant migration

*Glick, Perry A., 1939. The Distribution of Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Air. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bull. No. 673. 151 pp. A.T.: dispersal; wind

Glinka, Konstantin D. [1867-1927], 1927. The Great Soil Groups of the World and Their Development. (transl. of Die Typen der Bodenbildung, first published in 1914). Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers. 235 leaves.

Gloger, Constantin W. Lambert [1803-1859], 1833. Das Abändern der Vögel durch Einfluss des Klima's. Breslau: August Schulz. 159 pp. A.T.: Gloger's Rule

Godman, Frederick Du Cane [1834-1919], & Osbert Salvin [1835-1898], eds., 1879-1888. Biologia Centrali-Americana; Or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America. London: R. H. Porter and Dulau & Co. 5 vols. A.T.: natural history

Godwin, Harry [1901-1985], 1923. Dispersal of pond floras. Journal of Ecology 11(2): 160-164. A.T.: barriers; England; phytogeography

_____, 1949. The spreading of the British flora: Considered in relation to conditions of the Late-Glacial Period. Journal of Ecology 37(1): 140-147. A.T.: pollen; seeds; postglacial dispersal

Goldman, Edward A. [1873-1946], & Robert T. Moore [1882-1958], 1946. The biotic provinces of Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 26(4): 347-360. A.T.: mammals; birds; regional biogeography

Good, Ronald [1896-1992], 1931. A theory of plant geography. New Phytologist 30(3): 149-171. A.T.: angiosperms; theory of tolerance; plant migration; plant distribution

_____, 1947. The Geography of the Flowering Plants. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 403 pp. A.T.: phytogeography; geographical distribution

Gould, John [1804-1881], 1865. Handbook to The Birds of Australia. London: the author. 2 vols. A.T.: regional faunas

Gray, Asa [1810-1888], 1856, 1857. Statistics of the flora of the Northern United States. American Journal of Science and Arts 22 (2nd ser.): 204-232; 23 (2nd ser.): 62-84, 369-403. A.T.: regional floras; Europe; phytogeography; floristic comparisons

_____, 1859. Diagnostic characters of new species of phaenogamous plants, collected in Japan by Charles Wright, Botanist of the U. S. North Pacific Exploring Expedition. With observations upon the relations of the Japanese flora to that of North America, and of other parts of the Northern Temperate Zone. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6, Pt. II (new ser.): 377-452. A.T.: floristic comparisons

*_____, 1878. Forest geography and archaeology: a lecture delivered before the Harvard University Natural History Society, April 18, 1878. American Journal of Science and Arts 16 (3rd ser.): 85-94, 183-196. A.T.: refugia; phytogeography; regional biogeography; precipitation

*Gray, Asa, & William S. Sullivant [1803-1873], 1848. A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States . . . Boston: J. Monroe. 710 pp. A.T.: regional floras; phytogeography

Griggs, Robert F. [1881-1962], 1914. Observations on the behavior of some species at the edges of their ranges. Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club 41(1): 25-49. A.T.: range limits; phytogeography

_____, 1934. The edge of the forest in Alaska and the reasons for its position. Ecology 15(2): 80-96. A.T.: ecotones; coniferous forest; plant succession

_____, 1940. The ecology of rare plants. Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club 67(7): 575–594. A.T.: rarity; phytogeography; climatic factors; environmental factors; refugia

_____, 1946. The timberlines of northern America and their interpretation. Ecology 27(4): 275–289. A.T.: treelines; climatic factors; Mt. Washington, NH

Grinnell, Joseph [1877-1939], 1914. Barriers to distribution as regards birds and mammals. American Naturalist 48(568): 248-254. A.T.: geographical range; range limits

*_____, 1914. An account of the mammals and birds of the Lower Colorado Valley with especial reference to the distributional problems presented. Univ. of California Publications in Zoology 12(4): 51-294. A.T.: range barriers; dispersal

_____, 1922. The role of the "accidental." Auk 39(3): 373-380. A.T.: extralimital records; range barriers

_____, 1924. Geography and evolution. Ecology 5(3): 225-229. A.T.: adaptation; environmental factors

_____, 1928. Presence and absence of animals. Univ. of California Chronicle 30: 429-450.

Grisebach, August [1814-1879], 1859-1864. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. London: L. Reeve & Co. 789 pp. A.T.: regional floras

_____, 1872. Die Vegetation der Erde nach Ihrer Klimatischen Anordnung. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 2 vols. (French transl.: La Végétation du Globe, d'après sa Disposition suivant les Climats Esquisse d'une Géographie Comparée des Plantes. Paris: J.-B. Baillière, 1877-1878. 2 vols.) A.T.: phytogeography; climate

Gulick, Addison [1882-1969], 1932. Biological peculiarities of oceanic islands. Quarterly Review of Biology 7(4): 405-427. A.T.: island biogeography; island life; dispersal; evolution; adaptive radiation

Gulick, John T. [1832-1923], 1872. On the variation of species as related to their geographical distribution, illustrated by the Achatinellinæ. Nature 6: 222-224. A.T.: Hawaiian Islands; land shells; land snails

_____, 1873. On diversity of evolution under one set of external conditions. Journal of the Linnean Society: Zoology 11: 496-505. A.T.: Hawaiian Islands; land shells

Günther, Albert C. L. G. [1830-1914], 1858. On the geographical distribution of reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 26: 373-398. A.T.: regional biogeography; zoogeography

_____, 1880. An Introduction to the Study of Fishes. Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. 720 pp. A.T.: ichthyology; natural history

Guppy, Henry B. [1854-1926], 1903, 1906. Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific Between 1896 and 1899. London: Macmillan. 2 vols. [Vol. 1; Vol. 2] A.T.: natural history

_____, 1917. Plants, Seeds and Currents in the West Indies and Azores. London: Williams and Norgate. 531 pp. A.T.: dispersal; colonization

*Haeckel, Ernst [1834-1919], 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin: G. Reimer. 2 vols. A.T.: ecology; recapitulation; ontogeny; phylogeny

_____, 1868. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte . . . Berlin: Reimer. 568 pp. (English transl.: The History of Creation . . . London: H. S. King & Co., 1876. 2 vols.) A.T.: evolution; Darwinism

*Haldane, J. B. S. [1892-1964], 1948. The theory of a cline. Journal of Genetics 48(3): 277-284. A.T.: natural selection; genetics; populations

Halliday, William E. D., 1937. A Forest Classification for Canada. Ottawa: Dept. of Mines and Resources, Canada Forest Service Bull. No. 89. 50 pp.

Hansen, Henry P. [1907-1989], 1947. Postglacial Forest Succession, Climate, and Chronology in the Pacific Northwest. American Philosophical Society, Transactions Vol. 37(1) (new ser.). 130 pp.

Hardy, Alister C. [1896-1985], & P. S. Milne, 1938. Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. Experiments in aerial tow-netting from kites. Journal of Animal Ecology 7(2): 199-229. A.T.: wind dispersal

*Hardy, Alister C., & Eugene R. Gunther [1902-1940], 1935. The Plankton of the South Georgia Whaling Grounds and Adjacent Waters, 1926-1927. Cambridge, U.K.: University Press. Discovery Reports, Vol. XI. 456 pp. A.T.: regional faunas

*Harper, Francis [1886-1972], 1945. Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. Cambridge, MA: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, Special Publication No. 12. 850 pp. A.T.: endangered species

Harper, Roland M. [1878-1966], 1911. The relation of climax vegetation to islands and peninsulas. Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club 38(11): 515-525. A.T.: fire; Florida; hammocks; pine forests

_____, 1914. Geography and vegetation of northern Florida. Tallahassee: Sixth Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey: 163-451.

Harrison, Launcelot [1880-1928], 1924. The migration route of the Australian marsupial fauna. Australian Zoologist 3: 247-263. A.T.: dispersal; W. D. Matthew; paleobiogeography

_____, 1928. The composition and origins of the Australian fauna, with special reference to the Wegener hypothesis. Report of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science 18: 332-396.

Harshberger, John W. [1869-1929], 1911. Phytogeographic Survey of North America. A Consideration of the Phytogeography of the North American Continent, Including Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, Together with the Evolution of North American Plant Distribution. New York: G. E. Stechert & Co.; Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 790 pp.

_____, 1916. The Vegetation of the New Jersey Pine-barrens; An Ecologic Investigation. Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Co. 329 pp. A.T.: community ecology; phytogeography; environmental factors

Hatt, Robert T. [b. 1902], J. Van Tyne, L. C. Stuart, C. H. Pope, & A. B. Grobman, 1948. Island Life: A Study of the Land Vertebrates of the Islands of Eastern Lake Michigan. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bull. 27. 179 pp. A.T.: island biogeography

Hay, Oliver P. [1846-1930], 1908. The Fossil Turtles of North America. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 75. 568 pp. A.T.: paleontology

_____, 1923. The Pleistocene of North America and Its Vertebrated Animals from the States East of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian Provinces East of Longitude 95 Degrees. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 322. 499 pp. A.T.: paleontology

_____, 1924. The Pleistocene of the Middle Region of North America and Its Vertebrated Animals. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 322A. 385 pp. A.T.: paleontology

_____, 1927. The Pleistocene of the Western Region of North America and Its Vertebrated Animals. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 322B. 346 pp. A.T.: paleontology

_____, 1929, 1930. Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 390. 2 vols. A.T.: paleontology

Hays, William Jacob [1830-1875], 1871. Notes on the range of some of the animals in America at the time of the arrival of the white man. American Naturalist 5(7): 387-392. A.T.: cultural biogeography; range change; extirpated species; introduced species

Hedley, Charles [1862-1926], 1893. On the relation of the fauna and flora of Australia to those of New Zealand. Natural Science 3: 187-191. A.T.: paleobiogeography; paleogeography

_____, 1912. The palæogeographical relations of Antarctica. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 124: 80-90. A.T.: land bridge theory; paleogeography

Heer, Oswald [1809-1883], 1855-1859. Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae. Die Tertiäre Flora der Schweiz. Winterthur: J. Würster. 3 vols. A.T.: Tertiary; Switzerland; paleobotany

Heer, Oswald, Karl Eduard Cramer [1831-1901], Adolf E. Nordenskjöld [1832-1901], & Carl Schröter [1855-1939], 1868-1883. Flora Fossilis Arctica. Die Fossile Flora der Polarländer . . . Zürich: J. Würster. 7 vols. A.T.: paleobotany; Arctic

Hehn, Victor [1813-1890], 1870. Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in Ihrem Übergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien Sowie in das Übrige Europa: Historisch-linguistische Skizzen. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger. 456 pp. (English transl.: The Wanderings of Plants and Animals from Their First Home. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1885. 523 pp.) A.T.: cultural biogeography

Heilprin, Angelo [1853-1907], 1883. On the value of the "Nearctic" as one of the primary zoological regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1882 (Vol. 34): 316-334. A.T.: regional zoogeography

_____, 1887. The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 435 pp. A.T.: zoogeography

Heim de Balsac, Henri [1899-1979], 1936. Biogéographie des Mammifères et des Oiseaux de l'Afrique du Nord. Paris: Bull. Biologique de France et de Belgique, Supplément 21. 446 pp. A.T.: Sahara; North Africa; zoogeography

*Henderson, Lawrence J. [1878-1942], 1913. The Fitness of the Environment; An Inquiry into the Biological Significance of the Properties of Matter. New York: Macmillan. 317 pp. A.T.: environmental factors; chemical factors

*Hennig, Willi [1913-1976], 1950. Grundzüge einer Theorie der Phylogenetischen Systematik. Berlin: Deutscher Zentralverlag. 370 pp. A.T.: phylogenetic systematics; cladistics

Herbertson, Andrew J. [1865-1915], 1905. The major natural regions: An essay in systematic geography. Geographical Journal 25(3): 300-312. A.T.: regional geography

Hesse, Richard [1868-1944], 1924. Tiergeographie auf Ökologischer Grundlage. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 613 pp. A.T.: zoogeography; ecology

*Hesse, Richard, W. C. Allee [1885-1955], & Karl P. Schmidt [1890-1957], 1937. Ecological Animal Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons; London: Chapman & Hall. 597 pp. A.T.: zoogeography

Hewitt, C. Gordon [1885-1920], 1921. The Conservation of the Wild Life of Canada. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 334 pp.

Hildebrand, Samuel F. [1883-1949], 1939. The Panama Canal as a passageway for fishes, with lists and remarks on the fishes and invertebrates observed. Zoologica (New York) 24(3): 15-45. A.T.: dispersal

Hilgard, Eugene W. [1833-1916], 1906. Soils; Their Formation, Properties, Composition, and Relations to Climate and Plant Growth in the Humid and Arid Regions. New York & London: Macmillan. 593 pp.

*Hjort, Johan [1869-1948]