CHIC


APA




MLA

Style Manuals

Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological
      Association, 5th Edition. American Psychological
      Association, 2001.

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. Modern Language Association of America, 2003.

CHIC




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MLA

Electronic Journal Articles

Bernard Testa and Lamont B. Kier, “Emergence and
Dissolvence in the Self-Organisation of Complex Systems,”  Entropy 2, no. 1 (2000):  17, http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/e20101.pdf.

Testa, B., & Kier, L.B. (2000).  Emergence and dissolvence in the
      self-organisation of complex systems.  Entropy 2, no. 1, 17.
      Retrieved May 3, 2003, from
      http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/e20101.pdf.

Testa, Bernard, and Lamont B. Kier.  “Emergence and Dissolvence in the Self-Organisation of Complex Systems.”  Entropy 2.1 (2000): 17. 3 May 2003 <http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/e20101.pdf>.

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MLA

Journal Articles

Basel, Richard M. “Acidified Bulk Storage of Snap Beans and Peas.” Journal of Food Science 47 (Nov./Dec. 1982): 2082-2083.

Basel, R. M. (1982). Acidified bulk storage of snap beans
      and peas. Journal of Food Science, 47, 2082-2083.

Basel, Richard M. “Acidified Bulk Storage of Snap Beans and Peas.” Journal of Food Science 47 (1982): 2082-2083.

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MLA

Journal Articles – Two Authors

Calabrese, E.J., and L.A. Baldwin. 1999. Reevaluation of the fundamental dose-response relationship. BioScience 49:725-32.

Calabrese, E. J., & Baldwin, L A. (1999). Reevaluation of
      the fundamental dose-response relationship.
      BioScience 49, 725-32.

Calabrese, E.J., and L.A. Baldwin. “Reevaluation of the fundamental dose-response relationship.” BioScience 49 (1999): 725-32.

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MLA

Encyclopedia Article – Signed

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, “Women in Society,” in Academic American Encyclopedia (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1983), 201-204.

Fox-Genovese, E. (1983). Women in society. In Academic
      American encyclopedia (Vol. 20, pp. 201-204).  Danbury,
      CT: Grolier.

Fox-Genovese Elizabeth. “Women in Society.” Academic American Encyclopedia. 3^rd ed. 1983.

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MLA

Encyclopedia Article – Unsigned

Academic American Encyclopedia, 3^rd ed., (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1983), s.v. “women in society.”

Women in society. In Academic American encyclopedia (Vol.
      20, pp. 201-204). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

“Women in Society.” Academic American Encyclopedia. 3^rd ed. 1983.

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MLA

Reference Works Online 

CHIC Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Sibelius, Jean,” http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=69347&sctn=1 (accessed January 3, 2002).

Sibelius, J. In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved
      January 3, 2002, from
      http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=69347&sctn=1.

Sibelius, Jean. 2002. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 3 Jan. 2002 <http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=69347&sctn=1>.

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MLA

Reference Works

Allen, Aita L.  1995. Privacy in health care. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Rev. ed. Ed. Warren T. Reich (New York: Macmillan-Simon, 1995). 4:2064-73.

Allen, A. L. (1995). Privacy in health care. In Warren T. Reich
      (ed.), Encyclopedia of Bioethics. (vol. 4, pp. 2064-73).
      New York: Macmillan-Simon.

Allen, Anita L. “Privacy in Health Care.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T.
Reich. Rev. ed. Vol. 4. New York: Macmillan-Simon, 1995.

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APA

MLA

Unsigned Article from Multivolume Reference Source

Rowling, J. K. 2001. Vol. 137 of Contemporary Literary Criticism. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.

Rowling, J. K. (2001). In Jeffrey W. Hunter (ed.),
      Contemporary literary criticism. (vol. 137, pp. 304-
      341). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.

Rowling, J. K. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 137. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2001.

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MLA

Full-Text Articles from Online Databases
(Article Also Found in Printed Journal)

McMichael, Anthony J. (2002, March 30). Population,
      environment, disease, and survival: Past patterns,
      uncertain futures. Lancet, 298, 1145-48. Retrieved  24
      November 2003 from Lexis-Nexis Academic: Medical.

Chan, Evans.  “Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema.” Postmodern Culture 10.3 (2000).  Project Muse.  20  May 2002 <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pmc/v010/10.3chan.html>.

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MLA

Newspaper Article – Unsigned

New York Times, “Poverty, Not Scarcity, Called Chief Cause of World Hunger,” Dec. 7, 1981.

Poverty, not scarcity, called chief cause of world hunger.
      (1981, Dec. 7). New York Times, p. A1.

“Poverty, Not Scarcity, Called Chief Cause of World Hunger.” New York Times, 7 Dec. 1981: A1.

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MLA

Newspaper Articles – Signed

Trish Hall, “I.Q. Scores Are Up,” New York Times, September 30, 1993.

Hall, T. (1993, September 30). IQ scores are up, and
      psychologists wonder why. New York Times, p. F1.

Hall, Trish. “IQ Scores are Up, and Psychologists Wonder Why.” New York Times 24 Feb. 1998, late ed.: F1+.

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MLA

Book

Greenfield, Patricia Marks. Mind and Media: The Effects of Television, Video Games, and Computers (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984).

Greenfield, P. M. (1984). Mind and media: The effects of
      television, video games, and computers. Cambridge:
      Harvard University Press.

Greenfield, Patricia M. Mind and media: the effects of television, video games, and computers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

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MLA

Book Chapter – Author with Editor

CHIC Senior, Michael. 1980. “The Age of Myth and Legend.” In Heroes and Heroines, ed. Antonia Fraser, 7-52. New York: A&W Publishers.

APA   Senior, M. (1980). The age of myth and legend. In A.
      Fraser (Ed.), Heroes and Heroines (pp. 7-52). New York:
      A&W Publishers.

Senior, Michael. “The Age of Myth and Legend.”  Heroes and Heroines, Ed. Antonia Fraser. New York: A&W, 1980: 7-52.

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MLA

Internet Citations – Not Published Elsewhere

“Jane Austin Information Page.”
http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janeinfo.html  (accessed June 15, 2002).

Jane Austin information page. Retrieved June 15, 2002, from
      http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janeinfo.html.

Jane Austin Information Page. Ed. Henry Churchyard.  6 Sept. 2000. 15 June 2002 <http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janeinfo.html>.

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MLA

E-Mail Messages  

Anthony T Boyle, e-mail message to Daniel J. Cahill, June 21, 1997.

Boyle, A. T. (personal communication, June 21, 1997).

Boyle, Anthony T. “Re: Utopia.” E-mail to Daniel J. Cahill. 21 June 1997.

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MLA

Message Posted to Discussion Board (Weblog)

Bryan Carson, message to Comments to Judicial Conference re Citation Reform, March 4, 1997, http://www.hyperlaw.com/jccite/054.txt

Carson, B. (1997, March 4). Comment on proposed citation
      rules. Message posted to
      http://www.hyperlaw.com/jconf.htm.

Carson, Bryan M. Online posting. 04 March 1997. Comment on proposed citation rules. 24 November 2003 <http://www.hyperlaw.com/jccite/054.txt>.

NOTES ON THE REFERENCES

• If there is no author, the title goes in the space for the author.
• Initial articles (A, AN, THE) are ignored when putting in alphabetical order.
• s.v. means sub verbo, “under the word;” it is used in CHIC for aphabetical entries, such as an encyclopedia.
• When working with multivolume sets in CHIC, APA, and MLA, use vol. 4 if the reference is to a specific volume. For a general reference to the set without a specific volume, put 5 vols.
• In APA style, personal communications (such as e-mail and letters) are to be cited in the text only, not in the reference list.