NASA EPSCoR Research Compendium Office of Human Resources and Education NASA Headquarters, Code FE Washington, DC 20546-0001 September 30, 2000 Concurrence Background of the NASA EPSCoR Program Responding to Congressional concerns about the unequal distribution of federal research dollars, the National Science Foundation (NSF) established the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) in 1978. Since then, NSF has undertaken EPSCoR programs in 18 states and Puerto Rico. In 1990, Congress called for other federal agencies to fund EPSCoR programs. EPSCoR grants are appropriated by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Defense (DoD), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NSF appropriates the largest portion of federal funds to EPSCoR and serves as the coordinating agency for all of the other programs. In 1992, Congress established the EPSCoR Interagency Coordinating Council (EICC). This body consists of representatives from the seven federal EPSCoR programs. In addition, the EPSCoR states have formed a non-profit organization, the EPSCoR Foundation, to work collaboratively with the agencies. In the states, each EPSCoR program operates under the direction of a state-wide coordinating council and an ad-hoc planning committee. Usually the state committees are made up of representatives from all of the EPSCoR agencies, as well as leaders from business and industry, academe, and state government. NASA began an EPSCoR-like program in 1991 with small grants to the EPSCoR states under its NASA National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program, called Capability Enhancement State Consortia1. However, Congress requested that NASA additionally develop its own EPSCoR program. The Agency's Office of Human Resources and Education sponsored a merit-based, rigorous national competition in 1994 that resulted in six state awards. A similar competition held in 1996 resulted in four more state grantees. Another competition for NASA EPSCoR awards should take place in 2000. NASA EPSCoR operates in tandem with the NASA Space Grant program. Whereas EPSCoR emphasizes building research infrastructure and capacity, Space Grant emphasizes education and public service in addition to building research capacity. Both programs use a common management structure. Under this management plan, the NASA Space Grant director in a state is also the NASA EPSCoR director for that state. Both programs are managed from NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC. Recognizing that the nation's scientific talent is randomly distributed through-out the population without regard to gender, genealogy, or geography, NASA EPSCoR seeks to identify capable researchers in states that have not traditionally been strongly funded for R&D. Contents BACKGROUND OF THE NASA EPSCOR PROGRAM 3 ENTERPRISE 1 AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE 6 ADVANCED SPACE TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM (ASTP) 8 OPERATIONS SYSTEMS PROGRAM (OS) 13 PROPULSION AND POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAM (P&PS) 16 VEHICLE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM (VST) 18 FLIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM (FR) 22 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM (IT) 25 ROTORCRAFT PROGRAM 28 AVIATION SAFETY PROGRAM (AVSP) 31 AVIATION SYSTEM CAPACITY PROGRAM (ASC) 35 FUTURE-X PATHFINDER 38 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS (HPCC) PROGRAM 42 ULTRA EFFICIENT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM (UEET) 45 X-33 PROGRAM 51 INTELLIGENT SYNTHESIS ENVIRONMENT (ISE) 53 CENTERS 57 AMES RESEARCH CENTER 57 DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER 57 GLENN RESEARCH CENTER 59 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 72 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 73 LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER 75 MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 79 ENTERPRISE 2 EARTH SCIENCE 86 CENTERS 96 AMES RESEARCH CENTER 96 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 96 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 108 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 109 KENNEDY SPACE CENTER 109 LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER 109 MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 111 STENNIS SPACE CENTER 114 ENTERPRISE 3 HUMAN EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE 116 LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS (LMSA) 170 ADVANCED HUMAN SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 170 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND COUNTERMEASURES PROGRAM 172 FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY PROGRAM 173 MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH DIVISION (MRD) 174 CENTERS 175 AMES RESEARCH CENTER 175 GLENN RESEARCH CENTER 176 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 176 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 177 KENNEDY SPACE CENTER 201 MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 202 STENNIS SPACE CENTER 204 ENTERPRISE 4 SPACE SCIENCE 205 THEME I: ASTRONOMICAL SEARCH FOR ORIGINS (ASO) 205 THEME II: STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE 209 THEME III: SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION 224 THEME IV: SUN-EARTH CONNECTION 236 CENTERS 244 AMES RESEARCH CENTER 244 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 245 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 253 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 256 LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER 265 MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 266 FIELD CENTER RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES 275 CENTER 1 AMES RESEARCH CENTER 275 CENTER 2 DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER 280 CENTER 3 GLENN RESEARCH CENTER 282 CENTER 4 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 298 CENTER 5 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 320 CENTER 6 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 324 CENTER 7 KENNEDY SPACE CENTER 343 CENTER 8 LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER 346 CENTER 9 MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 354 CENTER 10 JOHN C. STENNIS SPACE CENTER 373 APPENDICES 377 APPENDIX A - SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION SOURCES 378 APPENDIX B - NASA EPSCOR CONTACT INFORMATION 381 HEADQUARTERS 381 NASA ENTERPRISE/CODE EPSCOR CONTACTS 381 NASA FIELD CENTER UNIVERSITY CONTACTS 382 NASA EPSCOR DIRECTORS 384 Enterprise 1 Aerospace Technology Enterprise NASA HQ Contact: Mr. William E. Anderson wanderso@hq.nasa.gov (202) 358-4732 NASA's Aerospace Technology Enterprise is responsible for NASA research and development activities in aviation and advanced space transportation. The Enterprise comprises five NASA Centers: The Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Center, Langley Research Center, Glenn Research Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center. Each Center has built distinct competencies, or "Centers of Excellence," to spur technology and leading-edge research. The Office of Aerospace Technology at NASA Headquarters provides Enterprise management. By attracting world-class engineers and scientists and constructing many one-of-a-kind research facilities, the Centers are uniquely positioned to serve as the focal point for national research in air and space transportation technologies. The Enterprise also has agencywide responsibility for NASA technology transfer and commercialization activities. NASA's goal is to increase awareness in non-aerospace industries of NASA-developed technologies, and to assist the transfer of NASA technological knowledge into diverse applications. Through this process, the Enterprise helps ensure that the Nation's investment in technology provides social and economic benefits to all segments of society. Ultimately, the beneficiaries of the Enterprise's investments are the public, U.S. business, and the military. The technologies developed by this Enterprise, and integrated into our aircraft and transportation systems by industry and the FAA, will help position the United States for continued leadership in aviation and space in the next century. The activities of the AerospaceTechnology Enterprise encompass four primary Enterprise goals. Goal 1: Revolutionizing Aviation Mobility - Enabling a safe environmentally-friendly expansion of aviation. (Baseline: 1997) Objective 1: Aviation Safety - Reduce the aircraft accident rate by a factor of five within 10 years, and by a factor of 10 within 25 years. Objective 2: Emissions Reduction - Reduce NOX emissions of future aircraft by a factor of three within 10 years, and a factor of five within 25 years and CO2 emissions by 25% and by 50% in the same timeframes. Objective 3: Noise Reduction - Reduce the perceived noise levels of future aircraft by a factor of two within 10 years, and by a factor of four within 25 years. Objective 4: System Throughput- Double the aviation system capacity within 10 years, and triple it within 25 years. Objective 5: Mobility - Reduce inter-city door-to-door transportation time by half in 10 years and by two-thirds in 25 years and reduce long-haul transcontinental travel time by half within 25 years. Goal 2: Advancing Space Transportation - Creating a safe, affordable highway through the air and into space. (Baseline: 2000) Objective 6: Mission Safety - Reduce the incident of crew loss by a factor of 40 (to less than 1 in 10,000 missions) within 10 years, and an additional factor of 100 (to less than 1 in 1,000,000 missions) within 25 years. Objective 7: Mission Affordability - Reduce the cost of delivering payload to LEO by a factor of 10 within 10 years, the cost of interorbital transfer by a factor of 10 within 15 years, and both by an additional factor of 10 within 25 years. Objective 8: Mission Time - Reduce the time for planetary missions by a factor of two within 15 years, and by a factor of 10 within 25 years. Goal 3: Pioneering Technology Innovation - Enabling a Revolution in Aerospace Systems Objective 9: Engineering Innovation - Develop the advanced engineering tools, processes and culture to enable rapid, high-confidence, and cost efficient design of revolutionary systems. Objective 10: Technology Innovation - Develop the revolutionary technologies and technology solutions that enable fundamentally new aerospace system capabilities or new aerospace missions Goal 4: Commercializing Technology - Extending the Benefit of NASA's Research and Technology In pursuit of these goals and objectives, the AerospaceTechnology Centers, with coordination from NASA Headquarters, are managing a wide range of research and development programs. These programs consist of a balance of Research and Technology (R&T) Base programs that address fundamental knowledge and long-term opportunities, and a series of Focused Technology Programs that concentrate research efforts on highly promising opportunities. Aerospace Research and Technology (R&T) Base Programs * Advanced Space Transportation Program (ASTP) * Operations Systems Program (OS) * Propulsion and Power Systems Program (P&PS) * Vehicle Systems Technology Program (VST) * Flight Research Program (FR) * Information Technology Program (IT) * Rotorcraft Program Aerospace Focused Technology Programs * Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) * Aviation System Capacity Program (ASC) * Future-X Pathfinder Program * High Performance Computing and Communications Program (HPCC) * Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program (UEET) * X-33 Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Technology Demonstrator Program These programs and the projects that support them are described in the attached program summaries. BASE PROGRAMS Advanced Space Transportation Program (ASTP) Program Manager: Garry Lyles Lead NASA Center: Marshall Space Flight Center Program Goals The Advanced Space Transportation Base Research and Technology Program (ASTP) has been established to pioneer the identification, development, verification, transfer, and application of high-payoff space transportation technologies. ASTP provides a foundation for the broad range of technologies needed for a steady influx of concepts available for use by the United States aeronautics and space industry and other NASA Enterprises. The program is designed to: * Develop advanced technology concepts and methodologies for application by industry; * Build focused programs to address selected national needs; * Respond quickly to critical safety and other issues; and * Provide facilities and expert consultation for industry during their product development. The primary goal of NASA's space transportation technology programs is to significantly reduce the cost of space transportation systems while improving reliability, operability, responsiveness, and safety. NASA endorses dramatic improvements in safety first, leading to lower cost and higher operability. The space transportation technology programs also have several secondary continuing goals, including: 1) Developing advanced technologies and systems to enable new civil and military mission capabilities; 2) encouraging commercial investment in, and operation of, space transportation systems by undertaking the development and transfer of technologies that reduce the risk of proceeding with new systems; 3) improving the international competitiveness of the U.S. commercial space transportation industry; and 4) balancing investments in near-term and long-term space transportation capabilities including a continuing strong core technology program. Program Projects The ASTP consists of four investment areas: Second Generation RLV-Focused Investment, In-Space, Spaceliner 100 and Space Transportation Research. Each program investment area contains multiple projects. Second Generation RLV-Focused Investment Area The 2nd Generation RLV Focused investment area is responsible for developing and demonstrating technologies for second generation RLV systems. This investment area consists of the Reusable Launch Vehicle-Focused Project and the Fastrac Engine Project. REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV)-FOCUSED PROJECT Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The RLV-Focused Technology Project is addressing critical component, subsystem, and system level technologies requirements in support of the development of a 2nd generation fully reusable launch vehicle. The RLV-Focused Technology Project will enable airframe, power, thermal protection system (TPS), and propulsion technologies that increase the reliability and performance of reusable space transportation systems with the goal of enabling the development of the second generation reusable launch vehicle to greatly reduce the cost of access to space. This project consists of the following activities: * Composite Tank and Structures * Thermal Protection and Hot Structures * Power * Propulsion. AST1 Fastrac Engine Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Fastrac engine project is focused on reducing the acquisition cost of rocket engines by a factor of 10 below current production engines of the same class. The project is focused on the development of a propulsion system for the X-34 flight demonstrator. The Fastrac 60 klb thrust class engine is a low-cost gas generator cycle engine that burns RP-1 and liquid oxygen. All engine subsystems have been simplified to reduce part count, minimize specialized manufacturing requirements and allow use of commercial parts. In-Space Investment Area The In-Space Investment area concentrates on space transportation applications within Earth orbit to the edge of our solar system. This area consists of the Upper Stage Project, Space Transfer Technologies Project, and Interstellar Precursor Project. AST2 Upper Stage Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Upper Stage Project is responsible for developing and demonstrating technologies for near term application to low-cost upper stages. This includes hybrid and hydrogen peroxide engine technologies. Reduction of upper stage propulsion and structural costs are being pursued on a multi-element project basis. The effort includes both component development and flight demonstrations. The effort is a partnership between the Air Force, NASA and private industry. The effort features both liquid/liquid propulsion systems and liquid/hybrid propulsion systems. The common feature to all of these efforts is the use of highly concentrated peroxide as the oxidizer. The operability improvements available from the use of peroxide will substantially lower operations cost for future transportation systems when compared to today's comparable systems. This project consists of the following activities: * Upper Stage Flight Experiment (USFE) * AR2-3 engine experiment * Advanced reusable upper stage engine component development * Peroxide/hybrid rocket engine development. AST3 Space Transfer Technology Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 A key goal of the Space Transfer Technology Project is the reduction of in-space propulsion system and propellant mass. Achieving this goal would reduce launch costs by enabling the use of smaller launch vehicles. In addition, space transfer costs could be reduced by lowering the propellant mass required for many of these systems. Increased propulsion efficiency would reduce trip times, cutting risk and cost for exploration missions. This project consists of the following activities: * Tether transportation systems * Electric propulsion * Aeroassist technologies * Lightweight components * Cryogenic fluid management * Advanced chemical engines. AST4 Interstellar Precursor Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Interstellar Precursor Project will develop technologies to enable a robust exploration of nearby interstellar space and to support planned and proposed science enterprise interstellar precursor missions. Development of propulsion systems capable of providing rapid robotic travel beyond the edge of the solar system to distances of up to 1,000 Astronomical Units will support not only the planned Interstellar Probe Mission (projected New Start in 2007) but also a host of other deep-space missions (e.g., missions to the outer planets, the Kuiper Belt, and beyond). Spaceliner 100 Investment Area The Spaceliner 100 Investment area is responsible for developing and demonstrating the technologies required for third generation reusable launch systems. This investment area consists of the Propulsion Technology Projects, Airframe Technology Project, Launch Technology Project, Integrated Vehicle Health Management Technology Project and the Operations and Range Technology Project. AST5 Propulsion Technology Projects Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 Propulsion Technology Projects will advance the state of the art in propulsion systems for low-cost, reliable and safe Earth-to-orbit space transportation. The individual technologies within the project are focused on advanced, breakthrough technologies in airbreathing and rocket systems and cross-cutting activities that are the basis for improvements in these disciplines. Propulsion objectives include increasing safety and reliability while reducing operations, manufacturing, and development costs through increased performance margins. The specific approaches to meeting these objectives include: * Improved propulsion performance to specific impulse (Isp) > 500 sec using combined cycle airbreathing rocket propulsion systems * Increased propulsion system thrust-to-weight ratio through the use of metal matrix composites, ceramics, and other advanced materials * Increased propulsion life cycle capability to 500 missions through advanced design techniques and materials * Decreased development costs through advanced design techniques and robust testing. AST6 Airframe Technology Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Airframe Technology Project will advance the state of the art in airframe and vehicle systems for low-cost, reliable, safe space transportation. The individual technologies within the project are focused on advanced, breakthrough technologies in airframe and vehicle systems and cross-cutting activities that are the basis for improvements in these disciplines. The key issues that will be addressed by the project are integrated airframe design, integrated thermal structures and materials, thermal protection systems, and aero/aerothermodynamic enhancements. The project is responsible for: * Developing advanced cryogenic tank, primary structures and hot structures materials and systems. This includes developing and demonstrating advanced manufacturing techniques. * Understanding transition and the effects of airframe design on aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic performance including understanding of the flow physics associated with smart/adaptive materials and structures such as plasma-induced drag reduction and smart/adaptive materials and structures. Aerodynamic optimization resulting from advanced flow physics techniques and devices. * Developing integrated structures and advanced thermal protection systems and materials including design and manufacturing tool development, component, subsystems and systems demonstrations as well as life assurance and reusability issues. AST7 Launch Technology Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The objective of the Launch Technology Project is to provide basic launch technology building blocks to support space transportation earth to orbit goals. This project consists of the following activities: * Avionics and Flight Control * Power * Integrated Design and Analysis Tools * Crew Systems AST8 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) Project is responsible for defining and establishing a systems engineering IVHM design process and validating the process on system simulation testbeds. The IVHM Project will define optimized IVHM system and subsystem architectures for the vehicle and ground elements of the system, and develop and validate the critical vehicle and ground IVHM technologies on bench-top, subsystem, and system simulation and software/hardware-in-the-loop testbeds. The IVHM Project is a multi-year project that will culminate in IVHM system level technology and operations demonstrations using a virtual IVHM Testbed leveraging geographically distributed subsystems testbeds, avionics system labs, and dedicated IVHM Testbeds. This project consists of the following activities: * Systems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) IVHM * Structures IVHM * Propulsion IVHM * Power IVHM * Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) IVHM * Avionics IVHM * Ground IVHM AST9 Operations and Range Technology Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Operations and Range Technology Project is responsible for the development of key technologies to substantially reduce vehicle launch and processing operations costs. Focused technology research and development in automated umbilicals, propellant densification, spaceport range and payload systems will be carried out to advance the state of technology in autonomous connections, rapid flow propellant loading, spaced-based range, payload container development, advanced checkout and control systems, intelligent inspections systems, and launch assist development. Space Transportation Research Investment Area The Space Transportation Research Investment Area will pursue proof-of-concept research in revolutionary technology areas that may lead to dramatic reductions in the cost of access to space or enable new interplanetary or interstellar space missions by reducing travel times by one to two orders of magnitude. This investment area consists of the Advanced Propulsion Research Project and the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project. AST10 Advanced Propulsion Research Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The primary focus of the Advanced Propulsion Research Project is to enable fourth generation RLV's, reduced cost of access to space for small payloads, rapid transfer interplanetary transportation beyond Mars, and technologies that may enable missions beyond the solar system. The primary technology challenge is dramatic improvement in propulsion performance including: advanced propulsion cycles, new on-board energy sources, and use off-board resources. AST11 Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project Contact: Garry Lyles, Marshall Space flight Center, (256) 544-9203 The Breakthrough Propulsion Physics project to seeks to understand potential in-space propulsion systems beyond the capabilities provided by Newtonian mechanics. These may include recently developed theories that may enable propulsion systems that require no propellant mass, that attains the maximum transit speeds physically possible, and breakthrough methods of energy production to power such devices. Topics of interest include theories regarding the coupling of gravity and electromagnetism, quantum vacuum energy fluctuations, warp drives and wormholes, and superluminal effects. Because these propulsion goals are presumably far from fruition, a special emphasis is to identify affordable, near-term, and credible research that could make measurable progress toward these propulsion goals. Operations Systems Program (OS) Lead NASA Center: Ames Research Center Program Manager: Dr. Robert Jacobsen, 650-604-3743 Program Objectives The Operations Systems (OS) program will pioneer the identification, development, verification, transfer, and application of high-payoff aerospace technologies. It contributes to the achievement of the AerospaceTechnology Enterprise goals in the area of aerospace operations systems. Aerospace operations systems are ground, satellite and aerospace vehicle systems and human operators that determine the operational safety, efficiency and capacity of aerospace vehicles operating in the airspace. They specifically encompass: (1) air traffic management systems, interfaces and procedures; (2) relevant cockpit systems, interfaces and procedures; (3) operational human factors, their impact on aerospace operations, and error mitigation: (4) weather and hazardous environment characterization, detection and avoidance systems; and (5) communications, navigation and surveillance. The major core competencies upon which the OS Program depends are human factors, air traffic management, information systems, airborne systems, crew station design and integration, aircraft icing and weather factors. The OS Program spans from development of fundamental understandings, theories and concepts, through laboratory simulation and experimentation, to flight experimentation in relevant operational environments. Program Projects AST12 Human Automation Integration Research (HAIR) Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen , Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The thrust of NASA's Human-Automation Integration Research project is to support the National Goal of Safety by developing validated tools and prototyping testbeds for the design and analysis of innovative human-automation systems in air, ground, and integrated aerospace operations. The goals are to improve communication and collaboration among system designers and human factors experts; to identify and eliminate or mitigate risk factors during the design phase for automation-related operator error; and to improve operator understanding of automated systems. AST13 Cost-Benefit Operational Safety Testing Models (COSTM) Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen , Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The goal of this project is to develop models for simulating and analyzing system performance, including the contributions of individual operators, individual elements of systems (ramp, tower, transition airspace, en route elements) and large-scale system flow and control issues. The thrust of COSTM is a vertically integrated model development activity, based around a core representation of the fundamental processes of ATM, models of dynamically driven aircraft, models of weather & airspace, and models (essentially rule-based) that represent the "knowledge" of air traffic management. As such, it will also be a repository for data from simulation studies and field studies that are required to populate the model's performance sets with appropriate data. AST14 Human Error and Countermeasures Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen , Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The goals of the project are to develop procedures and technologies to reduce the potential for error in aerospace operations and to enable human operators to respond quickly and appropriately to flight-critical situations. The thrust of this project is on strategies for improved decision making, and procedures and technologies as countermeasures to human potential to commit errors. There are two primary project elements: The Training element addresses technologies to reduce crew errors in procedures, decision-making, situation awareness, automation use and weather planning so pilots and flight and ground teams can function quickly and efficiently in routine and abnormal operations. The Fatigue element addresses the role of physiologically based variations in alertness and will develop novel work rules to manage disturbances in operators' scheduling and circadian rhythms while working within the air transportation system. AST15 Psychological/Physiological Stressors and Factors (PPSF) Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen , Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The Psychological/ Physiological Stressors and Factors research goal is to develop new technologies and procedures to measure and reduce stress in human operators within the air traffic system. The project will focus on human information processing abilities in two primary research areas: (1) human perception research will focus on development of new methods, computational models, and metrics that will enable optimization of operator sensory-motor interaction with the displays and controls of the national air space system; and (2) human cognitive research will focus on developing models of the human operator information processing during interaction with the air transportation system, with the goal of understanding how operator attention may be focused on or by the system. AST16 Aircraft Icing (AI) Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen , Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The AI project goals are: (1) to develop validated analytical and experimental tools for design and certification /qualification of aircraft systems in icing; (2) to understand the effects of ice contamination on aircraft performance, stability and control, and handling qualities; and (3) to foster the development of ice protection systems, including ice sensing, prevention and removal, and avoidance. The project seeks to achieve a balance among analytical/computational simulations, experimental research, and flight research. Analytical/computational simulations focus on the development and validation of the Lewis ice accretion code (LEWICE) model and performance calculations of iced airfoils. Experimental research consists of icing tests in the GRC Icing Research Tunnel (combined with dry wind tunnel tests as needed) and the development of testing methodologies. Flight research with the NASA Icing Research Aircraft is conducted in natural icing conditions and with simulated ice shapes. Propulsion and Power Systems Program (P&PS) Lead NASA Center: Glenn Research Center Program Manager: Peter W. McCallum Program Goals: The Propulsion and Power Systems Research and Technology (R&T) Base Program is pioneering the identification, development, verification, transfer, and application of high-payoff aerospace technologies that will be needed by the U.S. aeronautics industry in future years. The program's major objectives are to: * Develop advanced technology concepts and methodologies for application by industry; * Build focused programs to address selected national needs; * Respond quickly to critical safety and other issues; and * Provide facilities and expert consultation for industry during product development. Program Projects AST17 Ultra Safe Propulsion Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The goal of Ultra Safe Propulsion project is to reduce engine component failure to an absolute minimum and to contain all possible fragments if an occasional failure does occur. To address this goal, the Ultra Safe Propulsion project is focusing on two technical elements: engine containment and crack resistant materials. AST18 Zero CO2 Research Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The Zero CO2 Research project is developing enabling technologies for hydrogen fueled air breathing propulsion systems, both hybrid fuel cell and gas turbine, over a period of three years. Through systems analysis it is investigating exotic fuel cell, electric, hybrid and advanced open cycle gas turbine systems optimized to fully exploit the beneficial physical properties of liquid hydrogen as a fuel. It is also providing concepts for an airframe for each propulsion system. AST19 Higher Operating Temperature Propulsion (HOTP) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The goal of the HOTP Project is to develop technologies that will increase the utilization temperature of many propulsion components thereby requiring less system cooling which leads to increased engine propulsion efficiency. The ultimate desired impact is the reduction of emissions. Since many of the technologies being pursued in the HOTP Project are related to advanced materials that are lightweight, the Project will also make contributions to NASA's efforts to reduce the cost of reaching orbit. AST20 Turbomachinery and Combustion Technology (TCT) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The goal of the TCT project is to develop enabling technologies that will minimize all environmentally harmful engine emissions. TCT seeks to further reduce NOx emissions as well as address particulates and aerosols. The impact of CO2 on the environment also requires this project to consider methods for reducing the fuel burn of advanced aeropropulsion systems. The TCT project has been structured around long-term, high-risk, high-payoff technology needs beyond the current focused programs. High-loaded, efficient turbomachinery and low-emissions combustor technologies are pursued for enhanced performance with continued reduction of weight and parts count for long-life engines. Computational tools and associated modeling techniques are developed to reduce time, cost, and risk barriers to the affordable design and manufacture of environmentally compatible components and systems. AST21 Oil Free Turbine EngineTechnology (OFTET) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The goal of the Oil Free Turbine Engine Technology Project is to demonstrate the world's first oil-free man-rateable turbine engine. The Williams FJX-2 is being converted to an oil free engine. This will result in a significant increase in engine reliability and reduction in life cycle cost. AST22 General Aviation Propulsion (GAP) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The goal of the General Aviation Propulsion Project is to develop and demonstrate by 2000, affordable revolutionary propulsion systems for general aviation aircraft to help revitalize the U.S. general aviation light aircraft industry. AST23 Propulsion Fundamental Research (PFR) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The objective of PFR is to develop and maintain enabling capabilities not adequately maintained in the other projects, and to support new high risk, high-payoff activities that are of long term strategic importance. PFR research activities include: * Fundamental Noise - develops advanced concepts to reduce subsonic engine fan, jet and core noise. * Supersonic Propulsion - develops low noise exhaust nozzle concepts and high-efficiency stable inlet systems for supersonic propulsion systems. * Facility Research Investments (RFI) - expands facility capabilities to meet future research requirements, assure confidence in the data quality, and improve productivity for research testing at the test facilities. * University Grants - identify new concepts and approaches for advanced technology development in all areas of Aerospace propulsion. AST24 Hybrid Hyperspeed Propulsion (HHP) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The objective of HHP is to complete the validation of enabling rocket-based combined cycle component technologies for single-stage-to-orbit applications. Hypersonic vehicles for future aerospace missions will require hybrid propulsion systems that breathe air in the atmosphere from Mach 0 to 10+. The project addresses the technologies required to obtain this exceptional performance for Access to Space and hypersonic flight within the atmosphere. AST25 Pulse Detonation Engine Technology (PDET) Contact: Peter W. McCallum, Glenn Research Center, 216-433-8852 The Pulse Detonation Engine Technology (PDET) Project is evaluating the application of pulse detonation combustion technology to hybrid subsonic and supersonic gas turbine engines for commercial and military applications and combined cycle propulsion systems for access to space applications. This is being accomplished through the conceptual design of a number of possible system configurations followed by the "breadboard" demonstration of the best candidate system(s). This propulsion system development process is supported by the development of and demonstration of advanced detonative and non-detonative components required for system operation. Vehicle Systems Technology Program (VST) Lead NASA Center: Langley Research Center Program Manager: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney Program Goals The primary objective of the Vehicle Systems Technology Base Program is to promote the "Science and Technology of Flight." This is done by developing and demonstrating advanced airframe and spaceframe technology concepts and methodologies, providing advanced validated tools and techniques, responding quickly to critical national issues, investigating the fundamental physics underlying the aerospace disciplines, and providing the basis on which future focused programs are built. Program Projects AST26 Inherently Reliable Systems (IRS) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The objective of the IRS Project is to develop technologies to increase the reliability, safety of flight, reusability and affordability of aerospace vehicles. The project will concentrate on life expectance of structures and materials and on flight control system aspects. Technologies for assessing and extending the useful safe life of aerospace structures and non-structural systems will be developed, including durability and damage tolerance analysis methodology, advanced nondestructive inspection technology, integrated structural health monitoring and management. Methods for assessing the durability and accelerated testing of new aerospace materials will be developed for the environmental extremes of space. The flight control and flight deck aspects of the IRS project will emphasize aerospace vehicle reliability through reconfigurable flight controls that perform automatic on-line optimization of vehicle response in event of failure or damage, avionics that are immune to high-intensity electromagnetic effects, human/automation task allocation to improve overall system reliability and safety, and formal methods and design tools to greatly improve software reliability through low-cost verification and certification processes. AST27 Super Lightweight MultiFunctional Systems Technology (SLMFST) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The SLMFST project objectives are (1) to develop ultra-lightweight technologies that will result in a significant reduction in the weight of aerospace vehicles; (2) to achieve a dramatic reduction in vehicle source noise, and (3) to promote the integration of advanced technologies for aerospace vehicle systems offering enhancements in performance and operations, and other new system capabilities. Key technology areas that will be addressed include ultra-high performance materials, advanced structural concepts, advanced aerodynamic concepts, novel processing and fabrication technologies, design methodologies, computational materials and structures, integral thermal structural concepts, integrated non-destructive concepts, multi-functional structures, interior noise reduction, and source noise reduction. AST28 Revolutionary Airframe Concepts Research and System Studies (RACRSS) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The goal of the Revolutionary Airframe Concepts Research and Systems Studies project is to accelerate the identification of new technology applications that will enable the development of radically improved aircraft designs. In FY 2000, RACRSS systems analyses will identify barrier technology issues associated with promising generic civil/military concepts. Among the areas to be studied will be structures, materials, aerodynamics, airframe/propulsion integration, crew stations, flight controls, mission critical systems, and acoustics. The RACRSS project is closely linked to the REVCON-Flight Research project in the Flight Research Program Plan. AST29 Aerospace Systems Concept to Test (ASCoT) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The ASCoT project addresses the development of advanced computational and experimental tools for increased confidence and reduced development time in the analysis and design of complex aerospace vehicles. ASCoT research activities focus on the development of advanced design tools in three major areas: 1) physics-based modeling, 2) computational tools, and 3) ground-to-flight scaling methodology. The objective is to develop next-generation models, tools, and techniques to enable radical improvements in aerospace vehicle technology. These tools will rely heavily on a fundamental understanding of the underlying physics for modeling of the associated problems. This project will require the development of detailed building block experiments and numerical simulations in order to obtain the fundamental physics for model formulation and code validation. It will require the development of advanced algorithms and code synthesis in order to provide computational efficiency, accuracy, and robustness. And it will require the development of advanced ground-to-flight scaling methodologies in order to scale accurately and efficiently the test results obtained from laboratory conditions and actual flight conditions. AST30 Morphing Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The goals of the Morphing project are to develop and enhance smart technologies that will provide cost-effective system benefits in aircraft and spacecraft design. The program conducts research that will enable self-adaptive flight for revolutionary improvements in the efficiency and safety of flight vehicles. The key disciplines in the program are materials, integration, structures, controls, flow physics, and multidisciplinary optimization. Discipline-based research activities support program application areas that include active aerodynamic control, active aeroelastic control, and other aerospace areas. AST31 Advances through Cooperative Efforts (ACE) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 Cooperative research projects with the Department of Defense (DoD) and industry are one way in which NASA contributes to military aircraft technology. NASA provides researchers and test engineers to work with DoD and industry counterparts on technical problems of mutual interest. Over the years, these efforts have contributed to the development of many important high-payoff technologies such as vortex lift, multi-axis thrust vectoring, forebody controls, and high-angle-of-attack agility. Through the ACE project, NASA will continue and strengthen this highly effective and synergistic relationship between NASA and its DoD and industry partners. ACE enables application of NASA technical expertise and test facilities needed to support aircraft development on system upgrades, address in-service operation problems, and develop high-payoff technologies for military aircraft. The objective of the ACE program is to provide facilities & expertise to support aircraft development programs. AST32 Noise Reduction (Noise) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The goal of the noise reduction element, in cooperation with U.S. industry and the FAA, is to provide technology to allow unrestrained market growth while maintaining compliance with international environmental requirements. The scope of the element encompasses the development of noise reduction technology for derivatives of today's airplanes with engine bypass ratios in the 1.5 to 6 range, as well as for future airplanes powered by next-generation engines, which may have higher bypass ratios in the range of 6 to 15. The technical objective is a 10-decibel community noise impact reduction relative to 1992 production technology. The objective will be achieved via systematic development and validation of noise reduction technology. AST33 Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The goal of AGATE is to support revitalization of U.S. general aviation by developing and transferring technologies that will enhance small aircraft transportation system capabilities. The application of these technologies will result in improvements in utility, safety, ease-of-use, reliability, environmental compatibility, and affordability of the next generation of general aviation aircraft. In the process, small aircraft transportation will become available to more people more of the time, and to more small communities and rural areas. The scope of AGATE includes single-pilot, light, fixed-wing personal transportation aircraft, business and commuter aircraft, and rotorcraft having the same functional and technology requirements. AST34 Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) Project Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 SATS is proposed as an intermodal, personal, rapid transit air travel system utilizing small aircraft within the infrastructure of over 5,400 public use airports and 18,000 total landing facilities that serve the vast numbers of communities in the U.S. The Project development goals are to establish technical and non-technical objectives and prepare partnership processes for coordinated investments to advance both infrastructure and vehicle technologies. The SATS Project will build on the results of the AGATE and GAP Projects to further advance concepts that revolutionize the latent market for personal and business travel early in the 21st Century. AST35 Quiet Aircraft Technology (QAT) Contact: Mr. William L. Willshire, Langley Research Center (757) 864-1700 NASA's role in civil aeronautics is to develop high risk, high payoff technologies to meet critical national aviation challenges. Currently, a high priority national challenge is to ensure U.S. leadership in aviation in the face of growing air traffic volume, new safety requirements, and increasingly stringent noise and emissions standards. The QAT program addresses technology developments that will be required to achieve an additional 5 Effective Perceived Noise Level decibels (5EPNdB) community noise impact reduction from 1997 levels, adjusted to incorporate reductions already accomplished through the Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) program. In addition, the QAT program will include the identification of revolutionary technological approaches that have the potential to reduce the perceived noise levels of future aircraft by an additional 10EPNdB. AST36 Hyper-X Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The Hyper-X experimental aircraft project is developing and validating enabling propulsion technologies to meet national needs for a more reliable, lower cost space launch capability. The goal of Hyper-X is to demonstrate and validate technologies, experimental techniques, and computational methods and tools for design and performance predictions of a hypersonic aircraft with an airframe-integrated dual-mode scramjet propulsion system. AST37 Airframe Technology Contact: Dr. Darrel R. Tenney, Langley Research Center, (757) 864-6033 The Airframe Technology Project will push the state of the art in airframe and vehicle systems for low-cost, reliable, safe space transportation. The individual technology efforts within the project are focused on advanced, breakthrough capabilities in airframe and vehicle systems, and crosscutting activities that are the basis for improvements in these disciplines. Key issues addressed by the project are integrated airframe design, integrated thermal structures and materials, thermal protection systems, and aero/aerothermo enhancements. Flight Research Program (FR) Lead NASA Center: Dryden Flight Research Center Program Manager: James Stewart Program Goals The Flight Research Base Program will pioneer the identification, development, verification, transfer, and application of high-payoff aeronautical technologies. Overall, the program matures promising new aeronautics technologies into practical, ready-for-application technologies. Demonstration in the "real world" flight environment, integrated with other technologies in a practical package is critical to the transfer of these promising technologies into use in future aircraft and atmospheric-capable spacecraft. Program Projects AST38 Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) Contact: James Stewart, Dryden Flight Research Center, (661) 258-3162 This Project, including both ERAST and ERAST II, relates to remotely piloted aircraft capable of extreme endurance at high altitudes, for use as sensor and/or relay platforms. Benefits of high altitude, long endurance aircraft include atmospheric science missions and "eyes-in-the-sky" high above disaster areas to provide information important to public safety. The primary objectives of the project are: * Support development of remotely piloted aircraft technologies for scientific and commercial applications * Effectively transfer technology to U. S. industry to establish competitive capability * Develop enabling technologies that will permit extreme duration and long range UAV operation in controlled airspace to become practical and feasible. AST39 Revolutionary Concepts Contact: James Stewart, Dryden Flight Research Center, (661) 258-3162 This investment area addresses innovative vehicle configurations and other concepts that are a wide departure from conventional designs. The implementation of the REVCON Project is accomplished through competitive solicitations using the NASA Research Announcement (NRA) process. Multiple sub-projects are selected every 2 to 3 years to provide a continuous technology development activity that will lead to flight experiments. AST40 Advanced Systems Concepts Contact: James Stewart, Dryden Flight Research Center, (661) 258-3162 This Project provides enabling technologies to demonstrate smart aircraft, aircraft systems to enhance affordable design, and flight research capabilities to support military objectives in those areas where the NASA flight research capabilities are best able make these contributions. A large proportion of the effort is on intelligent use of embedded computer systems. Another emphasis is on advanced vehicle system concepts. Sub-projects within this area are: * Control Innovations - The long term goal is, by 2002, to demonstrate smart aircraft affordable design. This will include Active Aeroelastic Wing (AAW) which is a structures technology program that will demonstrate technologies that can reduce recurring aircraft costs by 10%. The AAW will demonstrate aircraft roll control through use of twisting of the wing box. This wing twist will be controlled by the aerodynamic control surfaces. Aircraft manufacturing cost is improved by reducing aircraft weight and wing strength requirements. Operating cost are lowered by wing twist tailoring to flight conditions and minimal control surface movement, reducing aerodynamic drag, thereby improving fuel efficiency. * Autonomous/Human Multiplatform Flight Operations - Multiplatform flight operations, with a mix of uninhabited and piloted air-vehicles, as well as a mix of autonomy and human operated is projected for increased applications in the years ahead. Design criteria are needed to assure safe flight operations in this multiplatform environment. Two concepts are being explored within this area, formation flight to double the performance capability of systems of aerial platforms through use of innovative remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft technologies and autonomous taxi capability for uninhabited air-vehicles. AST41 Atmospheric-Space Systems Contact: James Stewart, Dryden Flight Research Center, (661) 258-3162 This project concentrates on assisting the access to space goal through innovative applications of aeronautics technology and new, advanced technologies. New, advanced technologies will be matured in the flight environment to accelerate the transfer to the access to space. Technologies in this area include elements such as electric actuation, energy storage, advanced vehicle management systems, health management systems, and advanced aerodynamic and propulsive systems. This is a new project within the program and is still undergoing definition. Typical ideas include acceleration of electromechanical actuator technology for space applications and investment in hypersonic experiments. AST42 Innovative Transport and Testbed Experiments Contact: James Stewart, Dryden Flight Research Center, (661) 258-3162 This project concentrates on maturing small and large transport technologies and accelerating their transfer into military and civil aviation. Advanced technologies such as engine health monitoring, innovative aerodynamic configurations, and supersonic technologies are developed and evaluated in the flight environment. Partnerships with other Agencies, other NASA programs, and industry are used to gain as much synergy as possible and to accelerate technology transfer. New aerodynamic configurations, such as the Blended Wing Body, will be evaluated, starting at subscale models. Evaluating new configurations with subscale models allows the benefits of high risk configurations to be evaluated at lower cost. AST43 Flight Research Productivity Contact: James Stewart, Dryden Flight Research Center, (661) 258-3162 The objectives of this activity are (1) to conduct unique exploratory flight experiments, (2) to provide relevant data for understanding new disciplinary technologies, and (3) to provide highly effective tools and test techniques for use in flight research. Tools include software codes for analytical assessment, and flight testbeds with suites of highly sophisticated instrumentation and control system computers. Information Technology Program (IT) Lead NASA Center: Ames Research Center Program Manager: Dr. Eugene L. Tu Program Goals The primary goal of the Information Technology Program is to perform leading-edge research in (1) advanced computing systems and user environments, (2) revolutionary software technologies, and (3) pathfinding applications that enable the achievement of NASA's missions in Aerospace Technology. The IT Program will develop and demonstrate advanced technology concepts and methodologies, provide advanced validated tools and techniques, respond quickly to critical national issues, and provide the basis on which future focused programs are built. The program will be conducted in cooperation with the other base and focus programs, the U.S. industry, the Department of Defense, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the academic community. Program Projects AST44 Analytical Tools and Environments for Design (ATED) Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 This project addresses technologies that can help internal and external aerospace customers more efficiently gain access to experimental and numerical test facility data. This will require (1) the development of data fusion tools that will combine data from different sources; (2) development of immersive environments that generate only the information that is required for the design team to make decisions; (3) a human-computer interface of intelligent agents that have the capability to locate appropriate data; (4) agents that interface with various disciplines to produce understandable results; (5) intelligent computational systems and interfaces that serve as front-ends to computational codes; and (6) customized collaboration tools that facilitate design decisions involving remote, geographically-dispersed and cross-discipline team members. AST45 Integrated Instrumentation and Testing Systems (IITS) Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 The IITS element focuses on key implementations and demonstrations of technology applications in the following product areas: (1) integrated instrumentation suites with test facility data and control systems, (2) advanced instrumentation and test techniques to better understand system performance and to compare and validate computational fluid dynamic models, and (3) complete remote access to the integrated knowledge sources associated with test processes and databased information. The most significant impact of IITS is the improvement of design cycles by better utilization of experimental test processes. The emphasis of IITS is to provide near real-time access to previously unavailable experimental data. AST46 Intelligent System Controls and Operations (ISCO) Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 The ISCO project seeks to develop technologies that will reduce major causes of accidents in flight critical, human error, weather, and system-wide monitoring aspects within the National Airspace System, in addition to dramatically reducing system/subsystem development cost and time. These technologies will be developed in a generic sense in order to be applicable to a wide class of aerospace vehicles including commercial transports, high performance military aircraft, hypersonic vehicles, remotely piloted or unmanned concepts, rotorcraft, reusable launch vehicles, and autonomous planetary aircraft. The ultimate aim is to leverage information technologies and core competencies in soft computing and computational intelligence to support NASA's AerospaceTechnology Enterprise in achieving broader Agency goals over the next five years. Specific activities conducted within ISCO: * Intelligent Flight Control (IFC): The objective of the IFC task is to develop next generation neural flight controllers using enhanced neural network adaptive control algorithms and interface technologies. These controllers will be developed to exhibit higher levels of adaptivity and autonomy, than current state-of-the-art systems. Such next-generation neural flight controllers will be capable of automatically compensating for broad spectrum of damage or failures, controlling remote or autonomous vehicles, and reducing costs associated with flight control law development. * Intelligent Health and Safety Monitoring (IHASM): The primary focus of this research is to develop information processing software, of a generic nature, that may be used in next generation aerospace vehicles to detect, isolate, or rectify imminent or foreseeable component malfunctions. This technology will improve aircrew caution/warning advisories, provide input to adaptive flight/propulsion control systems, or trigger on-condition ground maintenance. * Propulsion Control and Health Monitoring (PCHM): This task involves developing and validating advanced instrumentation, health monitoring and control system technologies that are critical to enhancing the safety, reliability and operability of aircraft propulsion systems. These technologies will provide enhanced fault diagnostics capabilities that will allow quick detection and isolation of faulty engine components, thus avoiding costly delays in airplane departures. PCHM will also enable engine component maintenance to be performed on a need basis rather than on a pre-set schedule basis. * Data Sharing (DS): The objective of the ISCO Data Sharing task is to develop the technology to support a System-Wide Monitoring capability for the National Aviation System (NAS). The purpose this monitoring is to provide air carriers, air traffic management, manufacturers, and other air services providers with regular, accurate, and insightful measures of the health, performance, and safety of the NAS. System-wide capabilities will also provide technology and procedure developers with reliable predictions of the effects of any changes they may introduce into the aviation system. AST47 Software Integrity, Productivity and Security (SIPS) Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 The SIPS project will develop technologies and tools that significantly enhance the safety of digital aeronautics systems and the productivity of engineers who develop these systems. SIPS research includes formal methods for requirements and design specification, automated code generation, high-assurance design techniques, secure communications systems, and appropriate verification and validation methods for these exciting new technologies. Primary SIPS tasks: * The Formal Methods Applications task is investigating the use of mathematical specification and verification of software requirements and design, as a means of greatly increasing the reliability of digital avionics systems. * The High-Assurance Software Design task is investigating and developing tools to increase the integrity and reliability of software for safety-critical and mission-critical flight applications. * The Program Synthesis task is investigating efficient algorithms for automated high-assurance generation of software designs and code from requirements and specifications. * The Information Integrity task will improve the reliability of the information transferred throughout National Airspace System, as digital communication replaces analog communication. A secure and reliable communications system is needed to enable the automation of complex interactions among human ground controllers, pilots, enhanced cockpit avionics technology, and the aircraft themselves. * The Advanced IT Concepts task sponsors NASA Research Announcements (NRAs) to identify and sponsor research in the academia and industry communities in support of the IT Base Projects and new opportunity areas. AST48 Advanced Computing Technology (ACNS) Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 The Advanced Computing Technology investment area responds to the requirements of the Information Technology Program and the AerospaceTechnology Enterprise by investing in simulation-based approaches to aerospace vehicle design, manufacture, and operations. The overarching goal of this investment area is to create an information systems infrastructure that dynamically constructs a supercomputing environment with far greater performance at far lower cost than is available today. The goal is driven by the need to achieve a new plateau in the use of computers for aerospace design. Primary ACNS Components: * An "Information Power Grid" to integrate a widely distributed and diverse set of computing resources into a secure, useful system * Local high end computing, mass storage systems, networks and infrastructure * Long-term research in future computing devices and systems, such as computational nanotechnology, device modeling and hybrid multithreaded architectures Rotorcraft Program Lead Center: Ames Research Center Program Director: Dr. John J. Coy Program Goals The Rotorcraft R&T Base Program pioneers the identification, development, verification, transfer, and application of high-payoff rotorcraft technologies. Overall, the program matures promising new rotorcraft technologies into practical, ready-for-application technologies. The NASA Rotorcraft R&T Base Program conducts research at three NASA AerospaceCenters (Ames Research Center, Langley Research Center, and Glenn Research Center), and is managed at Ames Research Center. Program Projects AST49 Project DEAR: Design for Efficient and Affordable Rotorcraft Contact: Dr. John J. Coy, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-3122 The DEAR Project of the Rotorcraft Program is directed at design tools to meet the goal of reducing the development cycle for rotorcraft by 50%. Secondary and related goals are: reduce the cost of air travel in rotorcraft by 25% within 10 years; provide fundamental technology development, world-class facilities, and technical expertise to maintain the operational dominance of U.S. military aircraft while reducing their life-cycle costs by 25% within ten years, and by 50% within 25 years. To accomplish these goals, DEAR addresses three technical areas, which are focused on reducing development time (primary focus) and reducing cost (secondary focus). The first area is the development, validation, and insertion into the industry design cycle of validated aeromechanics computational models and design tools. The second is the development of rotor design concepts, which significantly increase performance and efficiency while reducing vibratory loads. The third area is the development of tools and design concepts for the implementation of low-cost, reliable, and efficient composite structures in the rotorcraft design process. AST50 Project SILNT: Select Integrated Low-Noise Technologies Contact: Dr. John J. Coy, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-3122 Due to the increasing importance of rotorcraft noise to the health of the U.S. helicopter industry and to the environmental quality of our nation's communities, the Selected Integrated Low-Noise Technologies (SILNT) project of the Rotorcraft Program is aimed at reducing the environmental impact of rotorcraft while improving both passenger and community acceptance of rotorcraft operations. To accomplish these goals, the SILNT project is currently investing in the following critical areas: * Low Noise Drive Systems: Efforts in this investment area are devoted to the physical understanding and control of rotorcraft transmission gear noise, in order to reduce the noise and vibration entering the interior environment of the aircraft's cabin. * Low Noise and Vibration Rotor Systems: Current research efforts in this investment area focus on effective noise and vibration reduction technologies for the rotor system. A portfolio of technologies will be examined that includes both low and high-risk concepts, as well as both emerging and maturing technologies. In addition, the ability to design and predict the behavior of these advanced concepts is being developed. * Low Noise Operations: A dedicated effort will be undertaken to develop, validate, and assess tools to design specialized flight operations that minimize noise impact, do not require any retrofitting of equipment or technology onto the aircraft, and thus are a very low-cost approach to noise reduction. The results of this activity should produce flight procedures that are quiet, safe, and easy to fly. AST51 Project SAFOR: Safe All-Weather Flight Operations for Rotorcraft Contact: Dr. John J. Coy, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-3122 Intensified public and regulatory demands for greater safety in air travel present a major challenge for the rotorcraft community. Not only do the inherent vehicle design and reliability issues differ significantly between fixed-wing and rotorcraft, but their unique capabilities result in exposure to a significantly different, arguably more risk-prone, operational environment. The Safe All-Weather Flight Operations for Rotorcraft (SAFOR) project has as its primary goal reducing the rate of fatal rotorcraft accidents by a factor of five by the year 2007 and by a factor of 10 by the year 2022. The major challenges faced by the rotorcraft portion of this agency-wide goal are to identify accident precursors and to develop affordable solutions for the most common problems (e.g., collision with terrain, loss of control in-flight, engine/drive system failure, and loss of situation awareness). These challenges will be met by a combination of technologies that target accident prevention, intervention, and mitigation. * Drive Systems Technologies focus primarily on accident prevention and mitigation. A substantial portion of the drive systems work concentrates on developing the physical models and design tools to enable the design of ultra-safe and highly reliable transmission and drive systems. Another portion of the drive systems work focuses on developing the technologies to detect and diagnose damage in the drive systems and to predict and ultimately manage remaining system life. Modeling activities described above are validated at test facilities located at Glenn Research Center. * Flight Control and Guidance Technologies targets accident prevention, intervention, and mitigation by developing and disseminating to industry control-system design tools that integrate flight mechanics simulation models, flight-test validation tools, and design constraints. In addition, flight-test and design techniques are developed to facilitate rapid certification of safe designs and methods of detecting the approach to critical flight envelope limits and then cueing the pilot to avoid exceeding such limits. * Situation Awareness and Information Displays is focused on accident prevention and intervention. An initial effort identified the primary classes and causes of rotorcraft accidents, estimating the potential benefits of technology solutions to provide guidance for the rest of the Safety Investment Area. Other activities include: modeling and measuring pilot's situation awareness; developing integrated displays of relevant information to maintain pilot's situation awareness, enabling safe recovery from unexpected loss of critical systems, pilot errors, environmental threats, and developing and disseminating improved training materials, methods, and devices. AST52 Project FRIAR: Fast Response for Industry Assistance Requests Contact: Dr. John J. Coy, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-3122 The FRIAR (Fast Response for Industry Assistance Requests) project responds to the near-term technology development needs of the U.S. rotorcraft community, and enables the other projects of the Rotorcraft Program to focus more on the longer-term high-risk objectives. The primary component of the FRIAR Project is the National Rotorcraft Technology Center (NRTC), a unique government, industry and academic partnership. NASA, the Army, the Navy and the FAA are government participants in NRTC; Bell Helicopter Textron, Boeing Space and Defense Group, and Sikorsky Aircraft are industry's principal members of the Rotorcraft Industry Technology Association (RITA), a non-profit corporation (and focal point) formed for this purpose. Focused Programs Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) Lead NASA Center: Langley Research Center Program Director: Michael S. Lewis Program Goals As part of the overall NASA Aviation Safety Initiative, the Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) will provide research and technology products needed to help the FAA and the aerospace industry develop and demonstrate technologies that contribute to a reduction in aviation accident and fatality rates by a factor of 5 by year 2007 and by a factor of 10 by year 2022. Program Projects AST53 Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling Contact: Michael S. Lewis, Langley Research Center, 757-864-9100 The Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling (ASMM) goal is to provide decision makers in air carriers, air traffic management, and other air services providers with regular, accurate, and insightful measures of the health, performance, and safety of the National Aviation System (NAS). ASMM outputs will also provide technology and procedure developers with reliable predictions of the system-wide effects of the changes they are introducing into the aviation system. This capability will enable definition of operational and safety trends and the identification of developing conditions that could compromise NAS safety. It will also allow industry-wide, and eventually world-wide, proactive approach to identification and alleviation of life-threatening aviation conditions and events. The three-fold approach of ASMM is to: (1) develop systems and tools to provide data pertaining to all aspects of the NAS, (2) develop tools to analyze and characterize the NAS and identify situations that may indicate changes to levels of safety, and (3) provide world-wide capabilities to obtain, access, and share relevant data on the NAS to the aviation community. The key attribute of all tools developed is to facilitate efficient and insightful analyses of all relevant data to identify causal factors, accident precursors, and unsuspected features in the data collected pertaining to the health, performance, and safety of the NAS. AST54 System-Wide Accident Prevention Contact: Michael S. Lewis, Langley Research Center, 757-864-9100 The System-Wide Accident Prevention (SWAP) goal is to address aviation safety issues associated with human error and procedural non-compliance. Human error is attributed as a factor in 60-80% of aviation accidents, depending on estimate sources. Reducing or mitigating human error effects will result in significant in aviation accident rate reductions. This element will pursue research activities in the following areas: (1) Human Error Modeling, (2) Maintenance Human Factors, and (3) Training. Human Error Modeling will develop predictive capabilities to identify likely error vulnerabilities in human/system operation. This will involve developing better understanding of the contexts in which errors occur, their potential causes, and candidate solutions to reduce or mitigate their effects. Maintenance Human Factors will develop products that support improved maintenance operations. Maintenance error is often latent and thus difficult to identify, track, and analyze. The situation is exacerbated by human factors issues that arise from numerous changes in maintenance operations. Document design tools provide a direct defense against procedural errors by aiding maintenance engineers and managers in systematically evaluating and enhancing maintenance procedures and by providing maintenance technicians a means of feeding back improvements to the organization. Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) training guidance and tools help industry to establish standards and performance metrics for MRM training and to focus and direct the development of training materials that address high priority human factors domains that are critical to maintenance safety. Training will develop more effective training procedures and aids, thus providing better tools for enabling crews to reduce errors with existing systems, to safely conduct a wide range of normal operations, and to effectively manage unanticipated abnormal situations. Training, and thus safety, can be improved by developing better methods for conveying knowledge and skills and by elucidating the root causes of human error. These improvements will be effected through the development of specific training curricula, simulations, and crew performance measurement techniques. AST55 Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Contact: Michael S. Lewis, Langley Research Center, 757-864-9100 The Single Aircraft Accident Prevention (SAAP) goal is to develop and support the implementation of technologies onboard an aircraft or have airborne system applications that will reduce the fatal accident rate in accordance with program goals. Based upon current accident data, the leading accident categories that the SAAP element will address are Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), Loss of Control in Flight, and Runway Incursion (RI) type accidents. Human factor issues and considerations cut across all of these categories and will be an integral part of the technology development process. Vehicle classes primarily addressed in the SAAP element are transports and general aviation (GA). The GA vehicle class will include technology applications specific to both the high-end GA aircraft such as high performance business jets and commuters, and low-end vehicles such as single engine piston aircraft. This element will pursue research activities in the following technology areas: (1) Health Management and Flight Critical Systems Design, (2) Precision Approach and Landing Information, and (3) Control Upset Management. Health Management and Flight Critical Systems Design will develop intervention techniques that stop system/component failures before occurrence, or provide decision aiding cues to the crew in the event of a system failure. Precision Approach and Landing will advance technologies to prevent CFIT and RI type accidents by improving the flight crew's position situational awareness during the approach and landing phase of flight. These activities are closely integrated with the Synthetic Vision Display activity under the Weather Accident Prevention element. The SAAP activity will focus on the infrastructure and certification issues for use of a synthetic vision concept as a precision approach and landing guidance system. The Weather activity will focus on display configurations and associated human performance criteria for effectively re-creating the external environment. Both activities are required to realize the full safety potential of synthetic vision systems on aircraft. Control Upset Management will develop technologies to prevent loss of control type accidents due to aircraft upset after inadvertently entering an extreme or abnormal flight attitude. Loss of control as considered by this element may be due to turbulent weather, pilot disorientation, or a control system failure. Close coordination with other L2 elements is required to ensure the technology development activities for control system failure detection, pilot interfaces, and information transfer techniques are synergistic. AST56 Weather Accident Prevention Contact: Michael S. Lewis, Langley Research Center, 757-864-9100 The Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) goal is to develop and support the implementation of technologies that will reduce the fatal accident rate induced by weather hazards. This reduction is to be accomplished for commercial, general aviation and rotorcraft sectors, given projected capacity increases and while either maintaining or improving efficiency. Weather is a factor in approximately 30% of aviation accidents. In addition, the majority of CFIT and GA "Loss of Control" accidents are considered to be visibility-induced crew error, where better weather information or better pilot vision would have been a substantial mitigating factor. The key objective of this research element is to provide a complete weather information and situational awareness to pilots and ground operators in any atmospheric condition that affects the operation and safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground. The WxAP element will pursue research activities in the following technology areas: (1) Aviation Weather Information Distribution and Presentation, (2) Synthetic Vision Display, and (3) Turbulence Detection and Mitigation. Aviation Weather Information Distribution and Presentation will develop technologies that provide high fidelity, timely and intuitive information to pilots, dispatchers, and ATC to enable the detection and avoidance of atmospheric hazards. Synthetic Vision Display will focus on technologies that enhance a pilot's situational awareness in low visibility conditions. Current accident data indicate a leading cause for GA loss of control accidents are due to pilot disorientation after inadvertent flight into low visibility weather conditions. Turbulence Detection and Mitigation will enhance forecasting tools, develop a total detection system and flight control techniques to mitigate the consequence of upsets due to all types of turbulence encounters, including Clear Air Turbulence (CAT). AST57 Accident Mitigation Contact: Michael S. Lewis, Langley Research Center, 757-864-9100 The Accident Mitigation (AM) goal is to develop, enable, and promote the implementation of technology that will increase the human survival rate in survivable accidents, and to prevent in-flight fires. To reach the national goal of reducing fatalities, the number of survivors must be increased in accidents that are of the severity level where some, but not all, passengers survive. Data show that for transports, half of all accidents involve serious injury and/or fatality, and half of those accidents are survivable (i.e., greater than 3 survivors). Fatalities are the result of impact factors, fire/smoke, or some combination of both (e.g., non-fatal injuries that prevent escape, leading to being overcome by smoke). Further, in-flight fires account for 5% of all fatalities. Based on this background, the overall approach in AM is to reduce the physical crash dynamics hazards, minimize fire effects in order to allow more time for evacuation, and reliably detect/suppress in-flight fires. The AM element is targeted to all classes of aircraft. It should be noted that in the rotorcraft community, great progress has been made in making rotorcraft more crashworthy. Fuel-fire prevention is presently limited to Jet-A fueled aircraft. The AM Level 2 activities will address the following areas: (1) Systems Approach to Crashworthiness (including Crash Resistant Fuel Systems) and (2) Fire Prevention. Systems Approach to Crashworthiness will seek to limit hazards by focusing on the impact and crash dynamics factors in accidents. A systems approach is required due to the significant interaction between contributing elements. Crash Survivability is a function of impact flight conditions, impact surface, airframe response, seat response, restraint system performance, and occupant response. Thus, the objectives are to improve crashworthiness by a systems approach that includes validated analysis methodology, new structural concepts and materials, safer cabin interiors, advanced restraint equipment, and design and injury criteria to enhance crash safety. Additionally, the objective to minimize post-crash fires will be approached by developing technology (and leveraging DOD technology) to minimize fuel system spillage in a crash situation. Fire Prevention will develop, leverage, and demonstrate technology for limiting hazards due to fire. Fire-related accident mitigation falls into two categories - post-accident and in-flight. In the former, humans are overcome by smoke (or the fire itself), before they can escape. Such fires are often fed by pools of spilled fuel on the ground, and involve combustion of cabin interior materials as well. The latter category involves fuel-related explosions, as well as detection and suppression of fires within the cargo hold or cabin. Preliminary data indicate that present detection technology involves an unacceptably high rate of false alarms. Thus, the objectives are to prevent post-crash, fuel-fed fires and in-flight fuel-related fires (explosions) via fuel modifications or inerting, minimize the fire-heat release from cabin materials, and reliably detect and suppress cargo compartment fires. Aviation System Capacity Program (ASC) Lead NASA Center: Ames Research Center Program Manager: Dr. Robert Jacobsen Program Goals The primary goal of the Aviation System Capacity Program is to safely enable major increases in the capacity of major US and International Airports through both modernization and improvements in the Air Traffic Management System and the introduction of new vehicle classes and aircraft systems which can potentially reduce congestion. NASA's Aviation System Capacity Program and its projects, in partnership with the Federal Aviation Administration, supports the AerospaceTechnology Enterprise's enabling technology objective: "While maintaining safety, triple the aviation system throughput, in all weather conditions, within 10 years." The objectives of the Aviation System Capacity Program are to develop, validate and transfer advanced concepts, technologies, and operational concepts that will enable new aircraft, as well as the implementation of operational concepts and their associated decision support tools, procedures, and hardware systems to maximize capacity, efficiency, and flexibility of safe operations in the National Airspace System. Program Projects AST58 Advanced Air Transportation Technologies (AATT) Project Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen, Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The users of the NAS believe that the current tightly controlled operations impose a severe financial burden on them that could be significantly mitigated if the system would permit greater user preferences in a larger portion of the airspace. Allowing users the freedom to select their own flight paths is referred to as "Free Flight." In the "Free Flight" concept each aircraft flies a dynamic, optimum flight path; making full use of on-board systems. The essential idea is to not simply optimize the system, but to open the system to allow users to self-optimize to meet their objectives. While it is recognized that the flexibility at the heart of free flight might more easily be achievable in regions where the aircraft density is relatively low, such as in en route airspace, the problems associated with introducing free flight increase as the density of operations increases. While improvements are possible at the busiest airports, capacity-constrained operations will continue to be a reality for the foreseeable future. In response to the needs discussed above and in alliance with the FAA, the goals of the Advanced Air Transportation Technologies (AATT) element are to enable substantial increases in the effectiveness (efficiency, capacity, flexibility, predictability and safety) of the national and global air transportation system in order to: * improve the service provided by the nation's air transportation infrastructure * reduce energy consumption and emissions * enable the increased use of capital investments and U.S. aircraft sales abroad AST59 Terminal Area Productivity (TAP) Project Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen, Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 The gap between the aviation industry's desired capacity and the ability of the National Airspace System to handle the increased air traffic is growing. The FAA reported that currently 23 of the largest U.S. airports experience more than 20,000 hours of delays each year. By the year 2000, 40 major airports are likely to be experiencing delays of this magnitude. Furthermore, air traffic delays were estimated to cost $3 billion for airline operations and $6 billion for passenger delays in 1990, and based on current trends, costs are projected to increase 50 percent by 2000. Between 1990 and 1993, an average of 312,000 flights were delayed 15 minutes or more, 64 percent due to poor weather, 28 percent to congestion, and 8 percent for other reasons. Delays occur when airport terminal operations are required to be reduced during instrument-weather, or non-visual, conditions and the inefficiencies associated with both single and multiple runway operations. The goal of the Terminal Area Productivity (TAP) Project is to achieve safe clear-weather airport capacity in clear weather conditions (IMC). The objectives are to: * Increase current non-visual operations for single runway throughput 12-15%. * Reduce lateral spacing below 3400 feet for independent operations on parallel runways * Demonstrate equivalent instrument/clear weather runway occupancy time. AST60 Short-Haul Civil Tilt-rotor (SHCT) Project Contact: Dr. Robert Jacobsen, Ames Research Center, 650-604-3743 Civil tiltrotor technologies offer a unique opportunity to create a new aircraft market while off-loading a large portion of the short-haul traffic from major airports. Studies conducted by Boeing Commercial Aircraft for NASA and the FAA and by various state and local transportation authorities (e.g., Port of New York and New Jersey Authority) have shown the civil tiltrotor to be a viable candidate for air traffic congestion relief. The Boeing market study projects a free world requirement for more than 2600 civil tiltrotors by the year 2000, growing to 4000 aircraft by the year 2010. Based on this study, a commercially viable U.S. manufactured tiltrotor could potentially provide an order of magnitude increase ($5 to 7 billion per year) in revenue sales including substantial exports for the U.S. civil rotorcraft manufacturing industry. This market opportunity can be realized only with a market responsive vehicle, the ground infrastructure to support an economical tiltrotor operation, and the ATC infrastructure to support an efficient tiltrotor operation. While there are many factors other than technology that will influence each of these inhibitors, the vehicle technology is one of the highest priorities because it has a first order effect on all of the areas. Without new vehicle technology it will be impossible to design a truly market responsive aircraft. The goal of the NASA Short-Haul Civil Tiltrotor Project is to develop the most critical technologies for overcoming the inhibitors to a civil tiltrotor aircraft operating within the air transportation system. There are two major benefits of a SHCT: * Significant reduction in door-to-door trip times for passengers by circumventing ground and air congestion * Expansion of the capacity and reduction of the runway congestion at the busiest airports by permitting some short-haul traffic (trips of less than 500 miles) to shift to tiltrotors, freeing runway space for larger aircraft Delay reductions would occur as airlines reduced the number of fixed-wing flights in proportion to the number of passengers diverted from jet and turboprop operations to civil tilt-rotor operations. The objectives of the Civil Tiltrotor Project are to develop the most critical vehicle technologies for a civil tiltrotor: * Efficient, low-noise proprotor; * Integrated cockpit for minimum pilot workload during low-noise approaches and departures near congested terminal areas * Safe and cost effective one-engine-inoperative emergency contingency power capability. Community acceptance of civil tiltrotor aircraft requires meeting the FAA-recommended noise criterion of 65 dB day/night level or less outside the area owned or controlled by the vertiport. Low-noise rotor technology and flight procedures will be developed by: identifying and analyzing advanced low-noise proprotor concepts; building small- and medium-scale models for wind tunnel tests; and acoustic flight testing of the V-22 and XV-15 aircraft to build a database and develop low-noise procedures. One aspect of safety of flight in the terminal area of a city-based vertiport in complex, low-noise approaches may be required to further reduce noise impact on communities. A second critical aspect is safe flight operation of the aircraft should one engine fail in flight. New cockpit and engine technology will assure flight safety in the terminal area including Level 1 handling qualities during complex, low-noise approaches and contingency power technology that is safe and provides significant cost advantages over current approaches to one-engine-operation. The approach is to develop: * A comprehensive simulation on NASA's Vertical Motion Simulator with fully integrated cockpit and low-noise proprotor * Study and evaluate limited-duration engine power boost concepts, and designing, fabricating and testing the most promising concepts The three primary deliverables are: (1) large-scale database for validation of a design for noise capability and noise reduction potential, (2) comprehensive mission simulation database for integrated cockpit and low-noise operating procedures, and (3) viable contingency power concepts meeting requirements for minimum vehicle cost. Future-X Pathfinder Lead Center: Marshall Space Flight Center Program Manager: John London Program Goals The objective of the Future-X Pathfinder Program is to flight demonstrate advanced space transportation technologies through the use of flight experiments and experimental vehicles. The Program supports the 1996 National Space Transportation Policy's goal of dramatically reducing the cost of access to space through the development and flight demonstration of advanced space transportation technology. The Program leverages NASA's Advanced Space Transportation Program (ASTP) which develops and ground demonstrates emerging core and focused space transportation technologies. The Program seeks to substantially reduce the cost of space access and to support commercial, NASA mission unique, and Department of Defense space transportation requirements. The Future-X Pathfinder Program is aligned within NASA's Office of AerospaceTechnology (OAT) Enterprise. Specific goals are to achieve a ten-fold reduction in the cost of placing payloads in low-Earth orbit in the next decade and an additional ten-fold cost reduction in the decade beyond. Future-X Pathfinder will also support a wide range of technology requirements for Earth-to-orbit and in-space transportation systems. Future-X Pathfinder will provide flight-tested technologies needed for lower cost, more reliable, simpler, and more operable space transportation systems. Program Projects The Future-X/Pathfinder Program flight demonstrates technologies associated with improved operability, increased reliability and reduced costs for access to space. Future-X Pathfinder class demonstrations are relatively inexpensive (nominally $100M), are driven by technology, and are executed every one to two years. Pathfinders can include small experimental flight demonstration vehicles or less expensive flight experiments. The Future-X/Pathfinder Program includes the following technologies: AST61 Graphite epoxy composite airframes Graphite epoxy composite airframes including primary structure, aerosurfaces, and thrust structures. Modular designs are intended to improve maintainability; and high design margins should greatly reduce the inspection requirements. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST62 Reusable composite kerosene and liquid oxygen propellant tanks Reusable composite kerosene and liquid oxygen propellant tanks represent technology that has never been flown and could be of considerable value to future reusable launch vehicles due to weight reductions. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST63 Ceramic thermal protection systems New ceramic thermal protection systems are far less expensive than either the current Shuttle ceramics or an advanced metallic system. It remains to be demonstrated how well turnaround refurbishing and maintenance can be accomplished in the RLV repetitive flight environment and how well the systems will perform in adverse weather including rain. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST64 Advanced guidance, navigation and control technologies Advanced guidance, navigation and control technologies will improve performance and allow rapid turnaround. It must be demonstrated that the Program objectives can be met while still meeting the requirements for accurate and reliable automatic navigation, guidance, all-weather autonomous landing, and safe abort capability. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST65 Health management technologies Health management technologies such as neural net inference engines and sensor data fusion algorithms will provide further support to accomplishment of the streamlined maintenance and efficient turnaround capability. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST66 Flush air data systems Flush air data systems will be depended upon for inputs essential to flight control, navigation, and landing. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST67 Tether propulsion systems A tether propulsion system will be used to demonstrate propellant-less propulsion. Since such a system requires no propellants, the required mass to orbit is reduced significantly. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST68 Flight Demonstration Vehicles X-34 The specific objective of the X-34 Project is to demonstrate, in relevant flight environments, key operational and vehicle technologies which will ultimately lead to reductions in space launch costs. The key technologies include both those embedded in the X-34 vehicle design as well as technologies which will be hosted aboard the vehicle as test articles or experiments. Embedded technologies include composite structures and propellant tanks, advanced low cost thermal protection systems (TPS), low cost avionics including differential Global Positioning System (GPS) and integrated GPS/Inertial Navigation System (INS), and flush air data systems. Hosted experiments include demonstration of an autonomous abort capability, an advanced integrated vehicle health management system, and advanced thermal protection experiments. X-37 The specific objective of the X-37 Project is to demonstrate, in relevant flight environments, key operational and vehicle technologies which will ultimately lead to reductions in space launch costs. The key technologies include 32 embedded in the X-37 vehicle design as well as 8 technologies that will be hosted aboard the vehicle as test articles or experiments. These technologies address areas such as thermal protection systems (TPS), propulsion, and operations. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST69 Autonomous Abort Landing System * Technology -- Development and integration of onboard real-time mission planning and robust guidance and control for low mach flight. Will reduce number of ground personnel for flight planning and reduce risk of vehicle loss in aborts. * Description -- Software package. After demo it will be permanent part of operational software. * To be flown on X-34 in latter stages of the currently scheduled test flight series. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST70 Sharp-B2 * Technology -- Sharp, passive, Ultra High Temperature Ceramic (UHTC) leading edge in relevant entry environments. * Description -- A modified Mk12A re-entry vehicle with four sharp leading edges, retractable strakes (0.039" radius) made of UHTC. To be flown on Minuteman III launch vehicle and recovered (water recovery). Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST71 Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS) * Technology -- Will demonstrate use of electrodynamic tethers to provide propulsion in space without the use of propellants. * Description -- Device will deploy a 5 km bare wire tether coupled to a 10 km nonconducting tether. Earth's magnetic field will accelerate the wire and raise/lower orbit of a Delta II second stage. To be flown as a secondary payload on Delta II Upper Stage in August 2000. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST72 Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring (IVHM) * Technology -- Experiment will integrate components that have been separately developed to build an integrated VHM capability. Will lead to reduced turnaround time and ops cost of RLV's. * Description -- Components include propulsion system diagnostic/prognostic system, RLV engine monitoring system, condition-based monitoring, and data fusion. * To be flown on X-34 Vehicle. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST73 Cryogenic Propellant Gauge * Technology -- Will demonstrate that Compression Mass Gauging is an accurate method of determining quantity of cryogenic liquid in space, reducing weight of upper stages and prop tanks. * Description -- Uses an oscillating bellows to compress tank vapor and measures pressure changes to determine liquid mass. * Will be integrated in the USAF Solar Orbit Transfer Vehicle Space Experiment LH2 tank in October 2001. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST74 Small Payload Experiment * Technology -- Will demonstrate a small, generic, cheap, robust spacecraft kernel ("bitsy") to manage power, attitude control, command, data handling, and communications. Eliminates need to design and build unique spacecraft components, reducing cost. * Description -- "Bitsy" is integrated from qualified subsystems (developed under contract to USAF). * Will fly as a free-flyer, Hitchhiker Payload, 2nd or 3rd Qtr FY01. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST75 Hall Effect Thruster * Technology -- Will demonstrate Hall Thruster effect technology, modular Power Processing Unit, and an updated xeon feed system. Will decrease payload propellant loading. * Description -- A ground qualified upgraded T160E Hall Effect Thruster will be integrated onto a Russian communications satellite for station keeping and determination of plume interaction. * To be flown on a Russian Express-A3 communications satellite in FY2000. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 AST76 Composite LOX Tank * Technology -- Reusable composite Liquid Oxygen Tank in relevant environments. * Description -- A composite Liquid Oxygen Tank will be developed and integrated into the X-34 technology demonstrator vehicle. The tank will be flown in relevant environments and will be reused a number of times. Contact: John London, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-0914 High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program Lead NASA Center: Ames Research Center Program Manager: Eugene L. Tu Program Goals The NASA HPCC Program is a central element of NASA's effort to engage high performance computing and communications technologies to achieve NASA's aggressive mission goals. NASA's specific HPCC goals are (1) to accelerate the development, application and transfer of high performance computing capabilities and computer communications technologies to meet the engineering and science needs of the U.S. aerospace, Earth and space sciences, spaceborne research, and education communities and (2) accelerate the distribution of technologies to the American public. The program provides leadership in the development of software and algorithms for high-end computing and communication systems that will increase system effectiveness and support the development of high-performance, interoperable, and portable computational tools. As HPCC technologies are developed, NASA will use them to address its computational aerospace transportation systems, Earth science, and space science research challenges. These challenges require significant increases in computational power, network speed, and the system software required to make these resources effective in real-world science and engineering environments. NASA's research problems include improving the design and operation of advanced aerospace transportation systems, enabling people at remote locations to communicate more effectively and share information, increasing scientists' abilities to model the Earth's climate and predict global environmental trends, further our understanding of our cosmic origins and destiny, and improving the capabilities of advanced spacecraft to explore the Earth and solar system. Furthermore, the NASA HPCC Program supports research, development, and prototyping of technology and tools for education, with a focus on making NASA's data and knowledge accessible to America's students. In support of these objectives, the NASA HPCC Program develops, demonstrates, and prototypes advanced technology concepts and methodologies, provides validated tools and techniques, responds quickly to critical national issues, facilitates the infusion of key technologies into NASA missions activities and the national engineering, science and education communities, and makes these technologies available to the American public. The Program is conducted in cooperation with other U.S. Government programs, the U.S. industry, and the academic community. Program Projects HPCC is a computing and communications research program that pursues technologies at various levels of maturity. Applications in the areas of aerospace technology, Earth science, space science, and education are used as drivers of HPCC's computational and communication technology research, providing the requirements context for the work that is done. The HPCC Program is coordinated through the AerospaceTechnology Enterprise and is managed by NASA Ames Research Center. The Program has been organized into five customer-focused Projects which strive to develop, demonstrate, and infuse into customer processes integrated systems of application, system software, and testbeds which, in total, meet the overall HPCC Program goal and each of the customer impact and technical objectives. AST77 Computational Aerospace Sciences (CAS) Project Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 CAS addresses the high end computing needs of the NASA AerospaceTechnology Enterprise and the extended aerospace community, including other government agencies, industry, and academia. The CAS goal is to enable improvements to NASA technologies and capabilities in aerospace transportation through the development and application of high performance computing technologies, transferring these technologies to NASA and the broader aerospace community. This will provide the aerospace community with key tools necessary to reduce design cycle times and increase fidelity in order to improve the safety, efficiency, and capability of future aerospace vehicles and systems. The CAS Project works with other Aerospace Technology Enterprise programs and the extended aerospace community to select high priority areas that have bottlenecks or limits that could be addressed through the application of high end computing. These challenging, customer-focused applications guide efforts on advancing aerospace algorithms and applications, system software, and computing machinery. These advances are then combined to demonstrate significant improvements in overall system performance and capability. AST78 Earth and Space Science (ESS) Project Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 ESS develops generic tools to demonstrate high end computational modeling to further our understanding and ability to predict the dynamic interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes affecting the Earth, the solar-terrestrial environment, and the universe. This means new understanding of the formations, distances and revolutions of the celestial bodies, heliospheric dynamics, protecting satellites from solar activity and predicting climate change. The computing techniques developed as a part of the ESS Project will further the development of an integrated suite of multidisciplinary models and computational tools leading ultimately to scalable global climate simulations and to the solution of highly energetic multiple-scale problems associated with space and astrophysics. These modeling tools provide computing capacity and enhanced software coding through the use of software engineering techniques. They increase computational performance affected by areas such as memory latency and cache coherence. The HPCC ESS project will ensure the migration of numerical models to lower cost commodity based platforms and address technology infusion into scientific needs. The ESS project will provide R&D technology and research tools for applications needs that may be extended through other enterprises activities to the public, state and local governments. AST79 Remote Exploration and Experimentation (REE) Project Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 NASA and DOD requirements for space-capable computing technology are becoming more demanding, especially with regard to available power and cooling, performance, reliability, and cost. The REE project seeks to leverage the considerable investment by the ground based computing industry to bring supercomputing technologies into space within the constraints imposed by that environment. The availability of onboard computing capability will enable a new way of doing science in space at significantly reduced overall cost. This technology will embrace architectures scalable from sub-watt systems to hundred-watt systems that support a wide range of missions, from Earth observing missions to deep space missions lasting ten years or more. Earth observing missions are typically conducted in a data-rich/power-rich environment with sensors capable of producing gigabits of data per second. Deep space missions require ultra-low-power and low-mass systems capable of autonomous control of complex robotic functions. These space-based systems must be highly reliable and fault tolerant under space radiation conditions. The goals of the REE are to 1) demonstrate a process for rapidly transferring commercial high-performance computing technology into low power, fault tolerant architectures for space; and 2) demonstrate that high-performance onboard processing capability enables a new class of science investigation and highly autonomous remote operation. AST80 Learning Technology (LT) Project Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 LT uses NASA's inspiring mission, unique facilities, and specialized workforce in conjunction with the best emerging technologies to promote excellence in America's educational system. LT directly supports the NASA Education Division goals and objectives, including those of the Educational Technology Program. LT continues to promote computer and network literacy. LT enhances the public's scientific and technical familiarity, competence, and literacy through internet based NASA projects in an interactive network environment. LT has contributed dozens of legacy projects to the schools of our nation. In the next few years LT will expand its suite of technology applications to show case multisensory and multimedia educational products. AST81 NASA Research and Education Network (NREN) Project Contact: Dr. Eugene L. Tu, Ames Research Center, (650) 604-4486 NREN is extending U.S. technological leadership in computer communications through research and development that advances leading-edge networking technology and services. This leadership is made possible by utilizing a next generation network testbed that fuses new technologies into NASA mission applications, enabling new methodologies for achieving NASA science goals. Moreover, these networking technologies will provide NASA missions with the advantages of enhanced data sharing, interactive collaboration, visualization and remote instrumentation. NREN will meet these goals through technology integration and collaborations within the multi-agency Next Generation Internet program, academia and industry. Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program (UEET) Lead NASA Center: Glenn Research Center Program Manager: Robert J. Shaw Program Goals The UEET program will address local airport air quality concerns by developing technologies to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 70% at landing and take-off (LTO) conditions, from 1996 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, and address potential ozone depletion concerns by demonstrating combustor technologies to enable no discernible aircraft impact on the ozone layer during cruise operation (up to a 90 percent reduction). This program enables the U.S. to be competitive in developing very low emissions propulsion systems. Additionally, the UEET program will address the potential of climate impact on long term aviation growth by providing critical propulsion technologies for a dramatic increase in efficiency to enable reductions of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions based on an overall fuel savings goal of about 15% for large subsonic transport or as much as 8% for supersonic and/or small aircraft. Fuel savings represent significant cost benefits to the traveling public. The program will assume currently used carbon-based jet fuel as the aircraft fuel. The UEET program is formulated based on the Office of Aerospace Technology's Three Pillars for Success. It is directly related to the Emissions Goal and will make progress toward the achievement of the Capacity, Affordability, and High Speed Travel Goals. Technologies from the UEET program will impact future civil and military aircraft, and benefit the development of future space transportation propulsion systems. The success of the UEET program will, therefore, depend on developing revolutionary but affordable technology solutions that are inherently safe and reliable and thus can be incorporated in future propulsion system designs. Strategic partnerships will be sought and formed with the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration on technology development and technology requirements definition. This program will also require strong involvement from the U.S. aerospace industry for implementation and transfer of technologies into aerospace systems. Program Projects AST82 Emissions Reduction Contact: Dr. Robert J. Shaw, Glenn Research Center, (216) 977-7135 Current environmental emission concerns center around the airport community and, if not addressed, may threaten future growth of air travel. The European Union and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are applying pressure on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) that regulates aircraft emissions for additional nitrogen oxide (NOX) reductions from aircraft. The ICAO Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) are considering more stringent standards for engine emissions during landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle-i.e., below 900 meters altitude as well as new standards for cruise operations. Combustors in most commercial aircraft today meet the current 1996 ICAO LTO NOX limits with some margin, and concerns are increasing relative to cruise NOX emissions effects on the ozone layer and global warming. More stringent NOX limits could result in emissions landing fees on airlines or limited access to some countries or airports. Also, recent observations of aircraft exhaust contrails (from both subsonic and supersonic flights) have resulted in growing concern over aerosol, particulate, and sulfur levels. In particular, aerosols and particulates from aircraft are suspected of producing high altitude clouds that could adversely affect the earth's climatology. The Emissions Reduction Project will work with the U.S. aeropropulsion industry to develop combustion technologies to reduce NOx emissions by 70% over the LTO cycle from 1996 ICAO standards with no increase in other emission constituents (carbon monoxide, smoke, and unburned hydrocarbons) and with comparable NOx reduction during cruise operations. As in the past, new combustor concepts and technologies will be required to produce cleaner burning combustors to offset the increased NOx produced by the future more fuel efficient engines with higher pressure ratios and temperatures. These new combustion concepts and technologies will include lean burning combustors with advanced controls and new high temperature ceramic matrix composite material with reduce cooling air. Low emissions combustor concepts will be developed and evaluated to achieve major reductions in NOX emissions for both large and regional engines. Also, the levels of aerosols and particulates coming from these low emission combustors will be assessed and, if possible, reduced. The UEET Emissions Reduction Project will continue the work done in the High Speed Research (HSR) Program, which has addressed the concern of ozone layer depletion by a potential fleet of commercial supersonic aircraft. The HSR Program addressed this concern by demonstrating at subscale a low NOx combustor concept that could when scaled to a full-scale engine produce no discernible aircraft impact on the ozone layer. Ultra low NOx levels of 4 Emission Index were measured in subscale sector combustor testing. The UEET Emission Reduction Project will validate the scaling of emission performance with a full-scale sector combustor test of the HSR subscale combustor technology. The project will demonstrate, in a full annular combustor rig, a low NOx combustor configuration which will provide at least a 65% reduction of LTO NOx from the 1996 ICAO level in a large subsonic engine with a 55:1 pressure ratio. In addition it will demonstrate, in a full-scale sector rig, an ultra low NOx combustor configuration which will provide a cruise NOx level of less than 10 Emissions Index in a large supersonic engine with a 20:1 pressure ratio. AST83 Highly Loaded Turbomachinery Contact: Dr. Robert J. Shaw, Glenn Research Center, (216) 977-7135 The Turbomachinery Project of the UEET program will provide turbomachinery technologies for increased performance and efficiency that enable fuel burn (CO2 emissions) reductions of up to 15%. The technologies developed will be applicable to a wide range of applications, both in terms of flight speed and size class. This project will develop turbomachinery technologies for lighter-weight, reduced-stage cores, low-pressure (LP) spools, and propulsors for high-performing, highly-efficient, and environmentally-compatible propulsion systems. Specifically, concepts for significantly increased aero loading, trailing edge wake control, and higher cooling effectiveness will be developed and demonstrated through proof-of-concept tests. Fan technology development will reduce weight and increase efficiency while satisfying noise constraints. Physics-based models for flow control, cooling, and particulate formation (through the turbomachinery) will be developed and validated. Advanced codes with the physics-based models will be applied to understand the concepts and to design component hardware for rig test demonstrations of fan, core compressor, and HP/LP turbine systems. The project will develop a low tip speed and lightweight fan design for a 3.5 pressure ratio at a rotational speed of 1500 feet per second. In addition, the project will develop a highly loaded, reduced part count and lightweight turbomachinery design for an overall pressure ratio of 55:1 and 3100oF turbine rotor inlet temperature, including technologies to achieve 12:1 pressure ratio in four stages and 15% cooling requirement for turbine. AST84 Materials and Structures for High Performance Contact: Dr. Robert J. Shaw, Glenn Research Center, (216) 977-7135 The Materials and Structures for High Performance project will develop and demonstrate advanced high temperature materials to enable high-performance, high efficiency, and environmentally compatible propulsion systems. The material and structural technologies developed in this project will contribute toward achieving both primary UEET program goals-(1) landing and take-off NOX emissions reduction of 70% and (2) overall fuel savings of 8 - 15%. Technologies developed in this project include ceramic matrix composite (CMC) combustor liners and turbine vanes, advanced disk alloys, turbine airfoil material systems, high temperature polymer matrix composites (PMC), and innovative lightweight materials and structures for static engine structures. NOx reduction in advanced combustor concepts requires reducing combustor cooling levels by 10 to 15%, which would result in higher combustor liner temperatures. Liner temperatures on the order of 2700oF will be required. Current metallic liners are not capable of sustaining such high temperatures for commercial life. Ceramic matrix composite (CMC) systems with 2700oF temperature capability will be developed for low NOX combustor liners and turbine vanes. CMC turbine vanes with the same temperature capability will be required to achieve turbine inlet temperatures compatible with higher combustor exit temperatures. Advanced manufacturing techniques will be developed to fabricate complex vane structures. Long-term durability of liner and vane components will be demonstrated in rig tests. Achieving overall fuel savings of 8-15% requires increases in turbine inlet temperature and reducing engine weight. To address this goal, advanced disk alloys will be developed, with properties demonstrated in commercial size forgings, for engines with an overall pressure ratio of 55:1 and 3100oF turbine rotor inlet temperature. The project will also develop and demonstrate advanced thermal barrier coatings (TBC) that, combined with advanced cooling schemes, will enable 3100oF turbine rotor inlet temperature capability. The durability of turbine blade systems with advanced TBC and state-of-the-art blade alloys will be demonstrated in rig tests. Weight reduction activities will include expanding the use of PMCs in engine structures by demonstrating durability and low-cost fabrication process for an environmentally friendly PMC with 550oF temperature capability. Innovative lightweight materials and structural concepts, such as porous materials and engineered structures, will also be developed to reduce the weight of engine static structures to contribute toward overall fuel savings. Although the advanced lightweight concepts can be applied to several engine components, the project will focus on reducing the weight of supersonic exhaust nozzle, with concepts demonstrated in sub-scale nozzle rig tests. AST85 Propulsion Airframe Integration Contact: Dr. Robert J. Shaw, Glenn Research Center, (216) 977-7135 The Propulsion Airframe Integration (PAI) Project of the UEET Program will develop advanced technologies to yield lower drag propulsion system integration with the airframe for a wide range of vehicle classes. Decreasing drag improves air vehicle performance and efficiency, which reduces fuel burn to accomplish a particular mission--thereby reducing the CO2 emissions. The PAI Project technologies will contribute to a 15% fuel savings for large transport aircraft and as much as 8% for supersonic and/or small aircraft. PAI can be defined as the determination of optimum nacelle placement and optimum shaping to both the nacelle and the airframe to minimize drag. This objective is accomplished through both computational and experimental methods. Within this broad objective, several technology challenges have been identified as having a significant and/or enabling impact on future generation air vehicles. These technology challenges are: * advanced configurations, with major emphasis on unconventional configurations * reduced length S-inlets * efficient boundary layer ingestion. The PAI effort for advanced configurations will focus on 3 different configurations over the 5-year project life. A conventional jet transport configuration, but with very large nacelles for ultra-high bypass ratio engines, will be studied during the first 2 years of the project since these engines are projected to achieve fuel burn reductions of 10-20%. The Blended Wing Body (BWB) configuration with boundary layer ingestion (BLI) nacelles is the second configuration of interest. This unconventional configuration is essentially a flying wing that has much lower weight, fuel burn, and noise compared to a conventional jet transport. The BWB is also a potential candidate for future military transport and tanker missions. Although conceptual-level system studies have shown that the BWB has a fuel burn advantage of approximately 20% compared to the conventional jet transport using 2015 technologies, existing computational and experimental methods cannot reliably determine the impact of propulsion system integration with the airframe such that commercial development of the BWB can proceed. The third configuration will also be unconventional, but will not be selected until the second year of the project. Many advanced military and airbreathing space access configurations, as well as the commercial BWB concept with BLI, require S-inlets and/or boundary layer ingestion. These two features of the integrated propulsion system add additional complexity to the integration problem, increase the drag (and weight) penalty associated with integrating the propulsion system to the airframe, and distort the flow provided to the engine. The PAI Project will develop technology to significantly reduce the length of S-inlets (50% or greater) compared to state of the art F-22, and allow boundary layer ingestion with no loss in inlet pressure recovery or distortion of the inlet flow to the engine face. The PAI research for reduced length S-inlets and efficient airframe boundary layer ingestion into the inlet are both approached with similar active control technologies. Active control requires the closed-loop control of actuators to modify a feature of the air flow utilizing information from a suite of sensors. The PAI Project will initially evaluate existing sensors and actuators to detect and control flow separation, and to provide additional energy to the boundary layer in attached flow. These evaluations will be done in small-scale, low-speed laboratory wind tunnels. An inlet geometry for detailed study will be selected in the first year of the project, and a small-scale demonstration of active flow control for an aggressive, advanced inlet will be conducted in year 3 at low speeds and small scale. This effort will be followed by large-scale and possibly transonic demonstration of active flow control near the end of the project. A similar roadmap will be followed for active shape control applied to the inlet lip of an advanced inlet. AST86 System Integration and Assessment Contact: Dr. Robert J. Shaw, Glenn Research Center, (216) 977-7135 System Integration and Assessment takes the component technologies being developed in the other four projects, integrates them into total conceptual systems, and assesses the potential of those systems for meeting the UEET Program goals. These assessments also provide overall Program guidance and identify technology shortfalls. The System Integration and Assessment Project has three key Subprojects: System Evaluation, Environmental Impact Assessment and High Fidelity System Simulation. The System evaluation Sub-Project will define baseline engines, aircraft and missions for a wide variety of vehicle classes. These conceptual baselines will be used to perform detailed technology trade studies that will be used to provide technology development guidance to the other four UEET projects. These baselines will also be used to perform annual metrics tracking and rollups, which will assess the progress of the UEET technologies toward meeting the program goals. The Environmental Impact Assessment Sub-Project will take the assessment of UEET technologies to a global level by evaluating the impact of engine exhaust on changes to the global atmospheric composition and distributions. In addition, it will provide input into a health risk assessment framework, which will be developed in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Finally, the High Fidelity System Simulation will be performed incorporating UEET technologies to better understand complex component interactions. These simulations will also demonstrate tools that can reduce future development time and system testing of product propulsion systems Wherever appropriate, the simulation tools being developed by the Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) will be utilized to accomplish program goals. X-33 Program Lead NASA Center: Marshall Space Flight Center Program Manager: Gene Austin Program Goals: In response to the guidance provided in the National Space Transportation Policy of August 1994 and the National Space Policy of September 1996, the X-33 Program is developing and demonstrating advanced space transportation technologies with the potential to significantly reduce future launch system costs. The President's policies established NASA as the lead agency for developing reusable launch technologies aimed at future decisions regarding full scale development of operational systems. NASA has two strategic roles in these endeavors. The first is to provide the technology required to reduce the cost of space transportation for the government. The second is to deliver the technology necessary to enable the U. S. launch industry to compete more effectively in the global launch market. The X-33 Program will develop and demonstrate, in the relevant environments, the necessary technologies to fulfill these two strategic roles. Based on launch system architectural studies performed in 1993, NASA established demanding goals for the technology program implemented in response to the National policies. These goals of the X-33 program are (1) to mature Single-Stage-To-Orbit (SSTO) technologies, (2) demonstrate the capability to achieve low launch costs by an order of magnitude, and (3) reduce technical and programmatic risks sufficiently to attract private financing. AST87 Program Project Contact: Gene Austin, Marshall Space Flight Center, (256) 572-4918 (MSFC); (661) 572-2134 (Palmdale) The X-33 Program contains three phases. Phase I was a 15 month competitive demonstration of critical technologies and the development of program plans for ground and flight demonstrations to be executed in Phase II. At the decision point contained in the National Space Transportation Policy, NASA selected a single industry team and its design to continue into Phase II. NASA chose the Lockheed-Martin Skunk Works based on specific programmatic, business planning, and technical criteria as described in the 11 point Program Management Approach previously approved by the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The next major decision point will be at the end of X-33 flight and ground tests when the government and industry will decide whether to enter Phase III, the development of the full-scale operational Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Industry has complete design authority for both the X-33 and the operational RLV. NASA and the Skunk Works use a cooperative agreement to describe the responsibilities of both, as well as milestones and criteria for payments to the industry partners. Industry augments the government funding by contributing in excess of 20 percent of the total program cost. Implementation of the program requires both NASA Centers and the industry partners to commit to technical task accomplishments within a fixed set of costs and schedule constraints. NASA centers support the industry team through task agreements that are negotiated between the Skunk Works and the NASA Centers. These task agreements define NASA's products, delivery schedule, and facility requirements. As a technology program, the X-33 will deliver three important products: a. Component technologies proven in the relevant environments and integrated into a flight vehicle. b. Design tools calibrated through the delivery of a flight test vehicle c. Workforce experienced in the operation of these technologies and tools in an integrated vehicle. To complement the technology, X-33 also includes RLV design and planning functions to determine the attractiveness of private investment in the operational RLV. The goal of Phase II on X-33 is an informed decision. This decision will be based on the products of the flight test program, technology testing, and the RLV planning. A decision to defer the privately financed development of the operational RLV does not mean that the X-33 Program will have failed. Rather, the X-33 will have succeeded if it delivers the test results and detailed analyses necessary to make an informed decision. The fundamental government objectives for X-33 are both programmatic and technical. Specifically: 1. The X-33 Program will have demonstrated, by meeting its program goals within a fixed government budget, that the industry-led, co-funded development of advanced space launch technology is an efficient, cost-saving program implementation approach. Specific objectives are listed below. a. The NASA/industry team will have demonstrated, with an advanced technology demonstrator, technologies scaleable to potential RLV configurations. As part of the basic vehicle design demonstrated technologies will have included reusable cryogenic composite tanks, composite primary structures reusable and durable Thermal Protection System (TPS) materials, and technologies enabling efficient operations. b. The NASA/industry team will have developed and demonstrated with an advanced technology demonstrator reusability and operability concepts which, when applied to the RLV, will significantly reduce launch costs and demonstrate rapid processing for reflight. c. The X-33 will have initiated flight tests by early fourth quarter FY2000. d. The X-33 will have flown at least two missions by the Phase III decision with no more than 50 touch-labor ground personnel. e. The X-33 will have demonstrated a surge launch capability of a 2-day turnaround. f. The X-33 vehicle will have provided flight data to support validation of vehicle aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic performance in hypersonic flight. g. As part of a ground technology demonstration program, the X-33 Program will have demonstrated lightweight liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen tank technology that can be scaled to RLV required size and operate the requisite number of cycles to support the lifetime of the RLV airframe. h. As part of a ground technology demonstration program, the X-33 Program will have demonstrated propulsion component technology that, when scaled to the RLV design size, will provide the thrust to weight ratio and the operational lifetime to support the RLV. 2. A transition plan from Space Shuttle to RLV will have been developed. 3. Industry and NASA have agreed to 25 decision criteria to measure readiness for starting development of a privately financed operational RLV. The X-33 need not satisfy these criteria, rather it must deliver the necessary information to reach determinations on the criteria. Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) Contact: Beth Plentovich NASA Langley Research Center, M/S 202 Hampton, VA 23681-2199 Phone: (757) 864-2857 FAX: (757) 864-8092 email: e.b.plentovich@larc.nasa.gov NASA's Education Division and the ISE Program Office have jointly agreed to offer participating EPSCoR colleges and universities the prospect of contributing to the shared accomplishment of EPSCoR and ISE goals. The goal of the NASA EPSCoR is to develop academic research enterprises that are long-term, self-sustaining, and nationally competitive for non-EPSCoR dollars. NASA's ISE Program seeks revolutionary advances in technologies for the development, integration, and application of tools and processes for the analysis, design, and simulation of the life cycles of aerospace systems by geographically distributed workgroups of scientists and engineers. These two program goals are, potentially, mutually compatible and highly synergistic. To achieve the ISE goal many engineering tools, techniques and processes will have to perform at substantially higher levels of efficiency than currently available. Industry is engaged in lower-risk tool development whereas the university and other institutional communities are considered the primary source for research breakthroughs. Revolutionary disciplinary advances within the fields of computer sciences, computational methods, artificial intelligence and visualization, are critical to successfully achieving significant capability improvements in the major tools and methods necessary to the realization of full life-cycle simulation: modeling, simulation, synthesis, and optimization. The ISE Program places significant import to the fact that the NASA EPSCoR program includes a technology transfer component to ensure that the benefits of EPSCoR funded research and subsequent spin-off products will be communicated to the broader scientific and technical community and to the general public. ISE-oriented EPSCoR research can be expected to make significant contribution to each state's economic development. ISE BACKGROUND In a recent announcement, NASA Administrator Dan Goldin stated: "In FY 2000 NASA began its ambitions program to revolutionize the way the Agency plans, develops and operates its missions through NASA's Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) Initiative. The FY 2001 budget continues to fund this critical initiative. When fully developed, ISE will enable geographically dispersed teams of engineers and scientists to collaborate in a full sensory, immersive virtual environment in which humans and computers can interact though 3-dimension sight, sound and touch in a computationally rich mission life-cycle simulation. ISE will develop the tools to enable NASA to rapidly assess multiple mission concepts and systems design options and to predict total life cycle cost, schedule, risk and performance with much greater accuracy than is currently possible. We will develop and operate our missions in a virtual space before we cut the first piece of actual hardware. ISE will integrate this capability into practice on selected large-scale NASA applications in a testbed environment, with the highest priority on advanced reusable space transportation systems and reduced shuttle/space station operation costs." The ISE program comprises the following elements: (1) RSST, Rapid Synthesis and Simulation Tools, (2) CRMT, Cost and Risk Management Technology, (3) LCIV, Life Cycle Integration and Validation, (4) CEE, Collaborative Engineering Environment and (5) RCCTE, Revolutionary Cultural Changes in Training and Education. Each of the elements presents, in varying degrees, challenges and opportunities for EPSCoR colleges and universities to pursue relevant research and innovative development. The RSST Element contains by far the major inventory of long-term research challenges. The RCCTE Element also offers opportunities for research and innovation. These two program elements are discussed below. An Internet website, http//ise.larc.nasa.gov/, is available for more information regarding the ISE program and all its elements. ISE1 Rapid Synthesis and Simulation Tools (RSST) ELEMENT The following examples of RSST "challenges for advancement" are extracted from an ISE Project presentation available at the ISE website. State of the Art, SOA, issues are addressed below in bold typeface and corresponding "needs and opportunities" follow. Tools are physics based. Majority are deterministic. Tools developed independently to meet organizational need. Tools not rapid enough for integration into a near-real-time system. No common data protocols/standards for tool input/output. * Incorporate uncertainty modeling to enable assessment of ability to achieve the design (consider non-deterministic methods, fuzzy logic) * Incorporate promising non-traditional techniques identified as means to achieve faster solution times (consider neural nets, wavelets, and genetic algorithms * Common data protocols allowing data transfer between tools. Tools are low fidelity; not highly accurate Majority is deterministic. Tools are computationally intensive. Visualization is archaic. Multi-model synchronization & data interchange difficult. * Develop technologies for simulating all aspects of a life-cycle (particularly manufacturing and operation simulations * Enhance level of fidelity and reduce computation time to enable preliminary simulation-in-the-loop design processes * Develop technologies for high-fidelity visualization of simulation * Develop technologies for model reuse and rapid integration of models for large-scale distributed simulations, including hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Systems synthesis employs a manual process requiring a human expert in the loop to make decisions. * Develop a rudimentary design space exploration tool to provide designers a user-friendly design and mission manipulation capability (consider bio-semiotics, intelligent assistants) Automated optimization can be done for a single discipline Optimization over multiple disciplines or parameters is a manual process * Develop libraries of component geometry & behavioral models that include meta-data to facilitate reuse and parameterization; * Develop case-based reasoning techniques for library building, adaptation and reuse; * Develop intelligent agents to peruse model libraries and select optimal system components given user specified constraints. ISE2 Revolutionize Cultural Change, Training and Education (RCCTE) ELEMENT The stated NASA/ISE program goal is to revolutionize scientific research and engineering processes by creating a distributed collaborative environment that will enable the linking of design teams from NASA, industry and universities in the creation and operation of aerospace systems and in the synthesis of their missions. Realization of the full program potential requires the training of engineering and science personnel, both on the job and in the preparatory education environment. The intent is for students to enter the workforce with knowledge of, and experience in, applying these tools and methods. Learning to use the sophisticated technologies of distributed, collaborative and synthesis methods calls for a revolution in the educational processes. Research within the university community is progressing rapidly and will deliver valuable tools for use by the broader educational community. However, the emphasis on these new approaches is very uneven across academia. Most students graduating from US colleges and universities are a product of a teaching culture that has been slow to keep up with advances in technology and with the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to succeed in complex engineering and scientific endeavors. The ISE RCCT&E Program Element is charged with influencing the engineering culture to take full advantage of advanced tools and environments and developing a distributed interactive learning and training collaborative environment. This is envisaged as a three-aspect problem: development and experimentation of various state-of-the-art capabilities, infusion of these capabilities and accomplishments in the academic, industrial and public environments, and fostering the transition to practice. ISE's stated long-term objective for the enhancement of engineering education is to identify the most effective roles of faculty and instructional technology in future "Hyperactive" learning environments. Hyperactive connotes the intersection of hypermedia and interactive within the context of computer and/or Internet-based learning systems. Examples of research and innovation that provide a good framework of challenges and opportunities in revolutionary learning environments are: * Internet based virtual classroom tools for individualized, asynchronous learning * Tools that coordinate and consolidate synchronous and asynchronous learning environments * Intelligent agent assisted, interactive learning modules * Analytical and synthetic tools such as advanced simulation, visualization, and rendering software * Integration of text, sound and imaging media * Linkage tools for organizing, searching, sharing, leveraging, and distributing information in a "web-bed" world * Artificial intelligence tools to enable intelligent multimedia "tutors" Further examples of ongoing ISE-RCCTE research and innovation activities, and abstracts from past workshops can be accessed at http://actuva-www.larc.nasa.gov/ the Center for Advanced Computational Technologies website. ISE3 Cost and Risk Management Technology (CRMT) Element Goal: To develop advanced cost analysis and risk tools in a unified framework covering end-to-end mission design, and compatible with design and analysis tools for fully integrated life cycle simulations. ISE4 Life-Cycle Integration and Validation (LCIV) Element Goal: To develop integration methods, smart interfaces and frameworks to achieve seamless "plug and play" of discipline tools and simulations within virtual, immersive environments. ISE5 Collaborative Engineering Environment (CEE) Element Goal: To advance the state of practice and inserting the state of the art collaborative infrastructure and applied design and analysis capabilities into enterprise use. Centers Ames Research Center ARC1.1 Thermal Protection Systems for Space Vehicles * Developing new thermal protection systems; technology development, system validation, and system qualifications. ARC1.2 High-risk technology to revolutionize air travel Dryden Flight Research Center DFRC1.1 Advanced Digital Flight Control and Flight Dynamics * Aerospace vehicle control law design. Modeling, simulation and flight test of distributed control systems. Design criteria and methods for unconventional vehicles, including decoupling of asymmetrical airplanes and stabilization of highly unstable airframes. DFRC1.2 Aircraft Automation * Knowledge-based systems development, verification and validation of knowledge-based systems, neural networks, heuristic controllers, knowledge-based acquisition/implementation, maneuver controllers, performance optimization, guidance, pilot-vehicle interface, and robotic aircraft. DFRC1.3 Flight Dynamics * Pilot/aircraft interaction with advanced control systems and displays, assessing and predicting aircraft controllability, developing flying qualities criteria, parameter estimation, and mathematical model structure determination. DFRC1.4 Flight Systems * Engineering aspects of the formulation, design, development, fabrication, evaluation, and calibration of flight control, avionic, and instrumentation systems used onboard complex, highly integrated flight research vehicles. Work with fault tolerant redundant microprocessor-based control systems, microprocessor-based measurement systems, transducers, actuators, techniques for system safety, and hazard analysis. DFRC1.5 Flight Test measurement and Instrumentation * Non-intrusive, sensing techniques. Flow measurement, skin friction drag, fuel flow, integrated vehicle motion measurements, space positioning, airframe deflection, sensor and transducer miniaturization, and digital data processing. DFRC1.6 Fluid Mechanics and Physics * Laminar and turbulent drag reduction configuration aerodynamics, experimental methods, wing/body aerodynamics, full-scale reynolds number test technology, high angle of attack aerodynamics, applied mathematics, and atmospheric processes. DFRC1.7 Integrated Test Systems and Aircraft Simulation * Development of Integrated System Test equipment, including aircraft/simulation interface equipment, automated test equipment, and applied artificial intelligence techniques for diagnosis and control. Flight simulation development for advanced aircraft systems in aerodynamic, propulsion, and flight control modeling. DFRC1.8 Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation * Finite element bared aero-structural-thermal-controls analysis of flight vehicles. CFD-based aeroelastic and aeroservoelastic analysis to predict vehicle-stability within a flight envelope. Correlation of analysis and flight test data. Affiliation s involve such vehicles as Hyper-X and X-33 projects. Large scale mineral computations. DFRC1.9 Propulsion/Performance * Propulsion controls, integrated propulsion/airframe systems, and vehicle performance measurement. DFRC1.10 Structural Dynamics * Aerostructural modeling, vibration and flutter analyses/predictions, aircraft flutter, flight envelope expansion, ground vibration and inertia testing, aeroservo/elasticity, active control of structural resonances, and advanced flight test technique development. Glenn Research Center GRC1.1 High Performance Computing and Communication/Computational Aeroscience The cost of implementing new technology in aeropropulsion systems is becoming prohibitively expensive. One of the main contributors to the high cost is the need to perform many large scale hardware tests. The Computing and Interdisciplinary System Office is developing the technologies required to enable simulations of full aeropropulsion systems in sufficient detail to resolve critical design issues early in the design process before hardware is built. The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) project is focused on the integration of multiple disciplines such as aerodynamics, structures and heat transfer with computing and communication technologies to capture complex physical processes in a timely and cost-effective manner. The vision for NPSS is to be a "numerical test cell" that enables full engine simulation overnight on cost-effective computing platforms. There are several key elements within NPSS that are required to achieve this capability: * clear data interfaces through the development and/or use of data exchange standards * modular and flexible program construction through the use of object-oriented programming * integrated multi-level of complexity analysis techniques that capture the appropriate physics at the appropriate fidelity for the engine systems * multidisciplinary coupling techniques * high performance parallel and distributed computing. GRC1.2 Controls and Dynamics Technology http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/cdtb * Development and demonstration of technologies for advanced control concepts and dynamic modeling that enhance performance, safety, environmental compatibility, reliability and durability of aerospace propulsion systems * Controls technology including fault diagnostics, health management, active combustion control, active stall control, turbomachinery system stability management, intelligent engine control, inlet control, integrated flight/propulsion control, nonlinear and robust multivariable control synthesis techniques, and life extending control * Dynamic modeling including modeling of advanced turbomachinery concepts and components, and cross-disciplinary research between controls and computational fluid dynamics GRC1.3 High Temperature Electronics Technology http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/SiC/SiC.html * Development of silicon carbide-based, solid-state electronic device technology for high temperature, high radiation, and high power applications, such as advanced aerospace propulsion and power systems * silicon carbide crystal growth techniques * device fabrication technology including high temperature, contact metallization and device packaging * Silicon carbide material use for MEMS devices GRC1.4 Optical Measurement Systems http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/OptInstr * Optical instrumentation technology for aerospace propulsion, for propulsion system control, and for space experiments, including optical sensors and instrumentation for nonintrusive gas path diagnostics and surface measurements * New systems for both point and whole-field measurements of parameters such as velocity, temperature, and species concentration GRC1.5 Sensors http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/sensors * Sensors to support a wide variety of applications including materials development, structural testing, aero-thermal-structural code validation, controls, and propulsion component and system performance testing. The desired characteristics are high accuracy, high reliability, and survivability. Increasingly hostile measurement system environments make the achievement of these characteristics a major challenge * Measurements including material surface temperature, strain, heat flux, gas temperature, and gas species. Devices may be MEMS, thin film sensors or miniature devices. GRC1.6 Ceramic-Matrix Composites * Development of structure/processing/property relationships of ceramic-matrix composites including fibers and fiber coatings for high-temperature, high-reliability requirements for advanced aero-space propulsion and power applications * Novel processing approaches, including polymer pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and sol-gel processing, are being pursued. Properties of interest include interface stability flaw distribution, phase morphology, strength, toughness, crack initiation and propagation characteristics, and resistance to environmental attack. GRC1.7 Environmental Durability of Advanced Materials * Study mechanisms of degradation to establish and predict the thermochemical stability limits for advanced materials in the high temperature, hostile environments encountered in advanced aerospace propulsion systems. * Studies of oxidation, corrosion, and material compatibility of metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials in air, inert and simulated environments, and under isothermal and cyclic conditions. * Testing and characterization approaches to evaluate performance and guide the development of the materials and protective coatings (such as thermal barrier, diffusion barrier, interface control) to improve durability, thus extending the useful life and/or temperature capabilities of advanced materials. Plasma spray, chemical vapor, and physical vapor deposition techniques are used to develop and deposit coatings. GRC1.8 Metallic Materials * Development of structural metallic materials for aerospace propulsion systems. Intermetallic compounds, superalloys, copper alloys, and composites are being studied for improved performance, higher temperatures, greater durability, and lower cost. * Development and verification of microstructure/property relationships * Advanced analytical and microscopy techniques GRC1.9 Polymers and Polymer Matrix Composites Development of advanced polymers and polymer matrix composites for use in aerospace propulsion and power and space communications systems, including * polymer synthesis, characterization, and processing; * composite processing, characterization and evaluation; * interface studies; * polymer/composite aging and life prediction; * determination of structure/property relationships Primary areas of current interest include radiation (UV and electron beam) curable high temperature polymers, resin transfer molding of polyimides, and the durability of polymers and composites at temperatures above 250(C (including degradation chemistry). Research is interdisciplinary and involves work in organic and polymer chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, and mechanical engineering. GRC1.10 Tribology and Surface Science * Fundamentals of the lubrication, adhesion, and wear phenomena of materials in relative motion to meet increased speed, load, and high temperature demands of advanced aerospace propulsion and power systems * Formulation and characterization of liquid, solid, and vapor phase lubricants * Investigation of novel foil air bearing designs and advanced solid lubricant formulations for use with high temperature air bearings * computational materials modeling * In situ studies of surface and interface chemistries and morphologies as well as tribological behavior using a variety of techniques including Auger electron and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared and Raman microspectroscopy, secondary electron and atomic force microscopy and profilometry. GRC1.11 Electrochemical Space and Storage * Development of advanced technology density of energy storage systems and fuel cells to increase life and energy. Emphasis is on nearer-term nickel-hydrogen, metal-hydride, lithium ion batteries and hydrogen-oxygen primary and regenerative fuel cell systems, with exploratory efforts being given to more advanced high-temperature ionic conductor systems. Design, development, and testing of pre-prototypes of advanced battery systems GRC1.12 Electromechanical Systems Technology System analysis and technology development and integration for advanced electric power systems for future space, aeronautics and terrestrial applications. Current projects include R&T development and analysis in the areas of: * electrical actuators/motors and drives * electrochemical capacitors * advanced refrigerator/freezer systems * solar space power ground power system design * systems analysis of advanced space power technologies to support mission planning (Virtual Design Centers) and power systems development * electromagnetic and pneumatic launch assist systems for the Highly Reusable Space Transportation (HRST) * Environmental Research & Sensor Technology (ERAST) GRC1.13 On-Board Propulsion Research and development efforts on high performance electric and chemical propulsion system concepts that are candidates for applications ranging from precision positioning of microspacecraft to primary propulsion for planetary exploration. . Efforts range from basic research to focused development. * Electric propulsion including electrothermal, electromagnetic, and electrostatic thruster systems with an emphasis on miniaturization for 21st century missions. * Low thrust chemical propulsion focusing on high performance storable bipropellant engines, green monopropellant and bipropellant systems, and miniaturized systems for microspacecraft. * identification and resolution of integration issues GRC1.14 Photovoltaic Cells, Array and Power System Technology * Fundamental and applied research to increase the efficiency, reduce the weight, and extend the life of solar cells and arrays for space applications * Development of component technology for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) space power systems using either a solar or radioisotope thermal energy source * Development of computational tools for solar array design and prediction of environmental interactions * III-V compound solar cells, thin film solar cells, ultralightweight array technology * Low bandgap cell design and fabrication, and development of selective emitter/photovoltaic cell combinations for TPV * Chemical processing and deposition * Materials studies * Investigations of radiation damage effects * Device design, fabrication, and testing * Computer code development * Development of related component technologies such as cell contact metallurgy, optical concentrators, innovative array structural concept design, and photovoltaic technologies for operation at both high and low temperatures in space. GRC1.15 Power Materials Technology Development of new or improved space-environment durable power materials, high emittance radiator surfaces, high reflectance or transmittance solar concentrators, high thermal conductivity materials and high electrical conductivity composites. * Development of power materials and surfaces by means of intercalation techniques, surface modification technology, and development of thin film atomic oxygen protective coatings using various deposition techniques. * Experimental evaluations and computational modeling of functional performance and durability for exposure to atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, vacuum thermal cycling, solar flares as well as effects of synergistic interactions with materials used for spacecraft power systems and components GRC1.16 Solar Array Power * Development of new or improved planar and concentrator array technologies, components, and concepts for small spacecraft that are efficient, stowable, lightweight, long-lived, and less costly than present systems. Array design features of interest include optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical elements * Test, analysis and development activities to support large spacecraft arrays, including structural analysis of deployment mechanisms, testing system operation in simulated space environments, and studies of new array concepts GRC1.17 Space Environmental Interactions * Research on electrostatic and electromagnetic effects in space systems and instrumentation (induced by interaction with space plasma and field environments) * characterization of local plasma and field environments around large space systems. Effects include surface and bulk dielectric charging, plasma sheath development, current collection from plasma, arcing, and the stimulation and propagation of disturbances GRC1.18 Space Power Management and Distribution Technology Research and technology development to control the generation and distribution of electrical energy in aerospace systems, and to define enabling technology for future aerospace power systems. Advanced electrical power systems and circuits such as * semiconductor power electronic building blocks * advanced magnetics to facilitate the development of switchgear converters * advanced motor drives for future space and aircraft systems control * devices for actuation * energy storage flywheels These components provide core building blocks to construct modular power/drive systems that are analyzed using various design and simulation tools. * Circuits technology: electronic motor control and high efficiency/reliability power converters, including single event upset and single event burnout * Systems technology: automation, improvement in the design process for power systems, and development of integrated power/drive systems. GRC1.19 Thermal Management Technologies Technologies are being developed in both * electronics packaging * advanced loop heat pipes The long term goal is to combine these two technologies to yield a highly compact electronics device with integral passive thermal control. * Chip On board packaging technologies and advanced Multi Chip Module technology * Fabrication of advanced wicks for Loop Heat Pipes, including all Silicon Loop Heat Pipes GRC1.20 Thermomechanical Systems Technologies Development of technologies for lightweight, high efficiency solar and nuclear thermal power systems, including advancement in the following areas: * Solar concentrator technology, including both rigid and inflatable lightweight structures, reflective and refractive secondary concentrators, high reflectance surfaces and protective films * Heat receiver technology, including heat pipe cavity design with thermal storage GRC1.21 Applied RF Technology Research and advanced development of RF and antenna systems for space communication systems based on commercial applications for NASA missions, including the modeling and development of systems to determine atmospheric effects on electromagnetic propagation. Emphasis is on the * Development of Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC)-based arrays and array feeds * Low cost space-fed active array and reflectarray approaches * MMIC and non-MMIC-based approaches, including MEMS- based approaches * System integration technologies, including MMIC packaging * Printed circuit radiating elements and distribution media, and beam forming/combining networks in arrays * Systems and technologies for multiple beams, including digital beam forming * Models, techniques, and development of prototype systems for characterizing and measuring atmospheric electromagnetic propagation effects GRC1.22 Digital Communications Technology Research and development of advanced digital communications technology in the areas of advanced modulation and coding and satellite onboard processing components, for space applications requiring high data rate throughputs. Emphasis is the development of next generation digital communications systems, which are fully interoperable with existing and future satellite, and terrestrial communications systems. Specific technologies of interest include: * bandwidth- and power-efficient digital modems and codes * fast packet switch technology * high rate, radiation-resistant digital components * intelligent onboard processing GRC1.23 Satellite Networks and Architectures Research and development of advanced space communication networks in the area of architectures, Internet protocols, network technologies and network-based applications to define and enable future networking for NASA applications via commercial networks. Research using Glenn testbeds related to * Use of advanced satellite systems with terrestrial networks (especially the Internet) * Development of new communications systems architectures and networking concepts * Development of satellite-friendly protocols and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) * Computer modeling of telecommunications networks and simulation of satellite/terrestrial networks using programs such as OPNET * Development of In-Space Internet node technology for NASA missions, future spacecraft, and platforms GRC1.24 Solid State Technology Research and development of advanced microwave materials, devices and circuits and the technologies required to integrate individual circuit components into microwave subsystems. State-of-the-art experimental and fabrication facilities at Glenn to support this research include thin film deposition and characterization equipment, automatic network analyzers, room temperature and cryogenic probe stations, and a clean room. Research is focused on * solid state circuits for transmit and receive modules in the frequency range of 2-110 GHz * Specific technologies under development include * planar transmission lines, passive circuit elements, electromagnetic computer modeling, IV-IV and III-V semiconductor materials for active devices, high temperature superconductor microwave circuits, thin film ferroelectric circuits, and multilayer microwave circuit components and packaging techniques GRC1.25 Vacuum Electronics Research on vacuum electronics to improve the efficiency, operating life, and communications qualities of electron beam devices for use in space communications. Specific technologies of interest are * electron emission (including thermionic, field and secondary emission) * electron beam formation and control * electromagnetic/electrodynamic computer modeling and design * application of microfabrication to vacuum devices * microwave power modules GRC1.26 Advanced Composite Mechanics Research for development of theories, computational algorithms, and requisite computer codes for the mechanics, analysis, and design of propulsion structures made from high temperature composites. Of interest are * polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and carbon-carbon composites * specialty finite elements for micromechanics and laminate theory * improved theories for life and durability prediction under hostile environment and long time exposure effects * probabilistic composite mechanics * integrated computer programs for component-specific analysis and design, progressive fracture, acoustic fatigue, damping and high-velocity impact GRC1.27 Aeroacoustics * Analytical and experimental investigations of the aeroacoustics for air breathing propulsion systems for subsonic and supersonic civil transports. * Development of advanced analyses, applied and validated with experimental data * Model scale tests conducted in anechoic wind tunnels to identify noise sources and explore new noise reduction concepts * Development of concepts to reduce aircraft engine noise with minimal impact on aerodynamic performance * fan and jet noise reduction. GRC1.28 Computational Structures Technology Development, integration, and demonstration of technology to enhance the role of computational modeling in the design and development process for propulsion and power system structural components. Both efficiency and credibility of computational modeling are of concern so technologies that streamline the design/analysis process as well as improve the fidelity of computational predictions are of interest. Areas of active research interest include * computer-integrated simulation * multidisciplinary computational mechanics * design optimization * artificial intelligence * object-oriented technology * information models * product schema * distributed computing * virtual reality * human interfaces Computational mechanics including * fundamental mechanics principles * discrete solution methods * parallel computing algorithms Design optimization including * mathematical programming and optimality algorithms * heuristic methodology * multidisciplinary design Artificial intelligence including * expert systems and neural network applications GRC1.29 Concurrent Engineering Simulation Research for developing integrated software packages for the computational simulation of multidisciplinary procedures through which propulsion structural systems are developed, conceived, designed, fabricated, verified, certified, installed, and operated (concurrent engineering). Of interest are simulation models and software packages that consist of: * workstations with discipline-specific modules, dedicated expert systems, and local databases * a central executive module with a global database with communication links for concurrent interaction with the multidiscipline workstation * unsupervised-learning neural nets * adaptive methods for condensing and incorporating information as the system evolves * zooming methods * graphic displays * computer-generated tapes for numerically controlled fabrication machines GRC1.30 Deformation and Damage Mechanics Theoretical and experimental studies of deformation and damage mechanics are conducted to develop accurate methods for determining the deformation response and assessing the useful life of structural components operating at elevated temperatures. Typical examples include turbine vanes, blades, and disks; rocket motor combustion chambers, turbines, and nozzle liners; and hot sections of space and terrestrial power systems. Multiaxial, nonproportional, and nonisothermal loading conditions all prevail in such structures. Research focuses on developing * constitutive equations * numerical algorithms for analysis and design * experimental validation of proposed theories and characterization of material response Materials under investigation include polycrystalline, single crystal, and directionally solidified metals and their alloys; ceramics; and metallic-, intermetallic-, and ceramic-matrix/fiber reinforced composites. GRC1.31 Fatigue Life Prediction * Analytical and experimental techniques for predicting durability of aerospace components (turbine vanes, blades, disks, rocket nozzle liners, etc.) subjected to complex service loadings. These are subjected to severe cyclic loads in high-temperature environments. Temperatures are high enough to introduce creep, relaxation, metallurgical transformations, and oxidation * Behavior of materials and structures subjected to such environmental factors * Development of techniques to allow reliable life prediction in advance of service * Investigation of monolithic alloys and ceramics, and newly developed metallic, intermetallic, and ceramic matrix/fiber reinforced composites Fully equipped, computer controlled test systems allow rationale behavior to be investigated under uniaxial and biaxial stress states. Also, advanced scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, and microprobe facilities are available to investigate fatigue mechanisms at the microstructural level. GRC1.32 Power Transmission Technology Power train technology is required for rotorcraft drive systems having higher reliability, longer life and ultrasafe operation, higher power-to-weight ratio, lower noise, lower cost, and higher efficiency. Areas under study include * health and usage monitoring systems * new gear arrangements and tooth forms * advanced bearing concepts * materials, lubrication, and cooling * Development of new analytical design and optimization tools for stress analysis, vibration, lubrication, and high-speed gears Full-scale helicopter transmission test rigs are available for experimental investigations, as are test rigs for fundamental studies of lubrication, endurance, efficiency, noise of spur, helical, bevel, face, and planetary gear sets. GRC1.33 Probabilistic Structural Mechanics * Development of probabilistic structural mechanics, solution/computational algorithms, and requisite computer codes to quantify uncertainties associated with the parameters and variables required for structural analysis and design for both serial and parallel composites * Development of probabilistic theories and models for coupled thermal-mechanical- chemical-temporal structural behavior of propulsion structures made from high temperature materials and including metal matrix, ceramic matrix, and carbon-carbon composites and implementation in serial and parallel machines. GRC1.34 Structural Dynamics * Development of fundamental methods for predicting and controlling the dynamic response and stability of aerospace propulsion and power systems. * Analytical and experimental studies of the aeroelastic response of bladed disk systems * Active and passive methods for controlling the vibration and stability of high-speed turbomachinery. * Development of actively controlled rotors with magnetic suspension * Technology for long life mechanical components for space mechanism designs * Advanced computational methods for analyzing multi-component dynamic systems GRC1.35 Structural Integrity Research to assure integrity and reliability of aerospace propulsion and power systems and structural components. Areas of emphasis include * interrogational methods for avoiding catastrophic fracture, fault-tolerant design, and defect assessment * residual life prediction * Development of comprehensive life prediction models that incorporate complex stress states, nonlinear material characteristics, microstructural inhomogeneities, and environmental factors. * Nondestructive characterization of microstructure, flaw population, material morphology, and other relevant factors using analytical ultrasonics, computed tomography, laser acousto-ultrasonics, and other advanced interrogational technologies. Modern computer science practices are exploited to the fullest, and emphasis is on advanced structural ceramics and composites. Integrated computer programs for predicting reliability and life of brittle material components are generated. GRC1.36 Turbine Engine Seal Technology Turbine engine seal technology is being developed for next generation aircraft engines having higher power-to-weight ratio, longer life, higher reliability, and higher efficiency. Areas under study include * new seal designs * design optimization * high temperature solid film lubrication * performance and durability tests under engine simulated conditions (up to 1500× F) * New analytical design tools are being developed for * predicting seal flow rates * modeling complete turbine secondary air flow systems in which seals play an integral role * modeling seal stiffness and damping characteristics A state-of-the-art turbine engine seal test rig is being fabricated to test seals under all temperature, speed and pressure conditions envisioned for next generation commercial and military turbine engines. GRC1.37 Aerospace Propulsion Combustion Technology Research to better understand the basic physical and chemical processes in selected liquid rocket engine technologies that are synergistic to aeronautic propulsion. Disciplines include * high-energy propellant chemistry, ignition, combustion, heat transfer and cooling in thrust chambers, nozzle flow phenomena, performance, and combustion stability * Of particular interest are the fundamentals involved in * combustion * cooling * nontoxic and in-situ propellant combustion component technologies * micro-combustor technologies including diagnostics and flow analysis * gas-gas injector technology including stability, performance, and compatibility * laser, combustion wave, and catalytic ignition * low cost combustion devices design * nonintrusive diagnostics including quantitative supercritical spray characterization Work is conducted through detailed analytical and experimental programs to determine feasibility or applicability and to develop and validate models to describe the processes. GRC1.38 Aircraft Icing Analytical and experimental research directed at enhancing safety of flight and developing simulation tools to aid in design efforts associated with flight in icing. Technology elements of interest include * novel concepts for aircraft ice protection/detection * computational and experimental methods for simulation of aircraft icing * fundamental experiments to understand and model the physics of ice formations * computational and experimental methods for quantifying changes in air-craft performance with ice buildup on unprotected components * novel concepts for remote detection of icing conditions Interdisciplinary efforts are devoted to developing instruments to * characterize icing cloud properties * measure ice accretion on surfaces * detect changes in aircraft performance in icing conditions Experimental research is conducted with a specially equipped Twin Otter aircraft and in the Glenn Icing Research Tunnel, the largest refrigerated icing tunnel in the world. GRC1.39 Compressor Technology Experimental and Analytical research to advance compressor technology for gas turbine engines for a wide range of civil and military applications. Areas addressed include * advanced axial and radial compressors * innovative components such as wave rotors * Verification of fluid mechanics computations * development of models * advance understanding of flow physics State-of-the-art experimental facilities, instrumentation, and data acquisition, reduction, and analysis methods and facilities are employed. GRC1.40 Emissions Technology * Combustion process emissions formation research (experimental and analytical) in subsonic and super-sonic gas turbine aircraft engines. Emittants of concern include oxides of nitrogen, speciation of hydrocarbons and sulfur oxides, and carbon- based gaseous or liquid particulates. * Characterization of emissions in flame tube and sector combustors using advanced diagnostics * Development of new analytical models for processes such as turbulence-chemistry interaction or the use of advanced computer codes to predict combustion emissions and compare with experimental results State-of-the-art experimental facilities, instrumentation, analysis methods and computational facilities are employed. GRC1.41 Engine Systems Technology Analytical and experimental research in propulsion systems for sub-sonic, supersonic, hypersonic, and space applications. Advanced concepts of interest include * Rocket-based combined cycles as well as pulse detonation engines developed through systems studies identifying critical component and component integration issues followed by experiments and additional analyses * Development and application of new techniques such as advanced numerical methods, grid generation, and turbulence modeling for analysis of aerospace propulsion systems * Application of advanced computational technologies, including parallel processing, interactive graphics, database technology and object-oriented techniques to propulsion system simulation in order to reduce the time and cost of system design * Optimization and inverse design methods GRC1.42 Inlet Fluid Mechanics * Fluid mechanics of inlets (Experimental and computational efforts) for aerospace propulsion systems for vehicles ranging from subsonic through supersonic and up to hypersonic. * Experiments to demonstrate overall inlet performance, investigate specific inlet flowfield phenomena, provide data sets for the validation of computational methods, and increase the understanding of fundamental inlet fluid physics * Application of advanced computational methods to prediction of inlet aerodynamic performance, development of improved computational models, and development of new methods to improve computational accuracy and convergence rates State-of-the-art experimental facilities, instrumentation, analysis methods and computational facilities are employed. GRC1.43 Low Noise Nozzle Technology * Analytical and experimental research on exhaust nozzle aerodynamics and acoustics for high speed commercial transport applications. The goal is to achieve takeoff noise levels competitive with the best subsonic engine technology * Experimental and computational studies of aerodynamic and far field acoustic performance and flow details (via advanced flow diagnostics) of nozzle systems * Fundamental experiments to verify selected fluid mechanics computations and to advance understanding of flow physics of advanced mixing and noise suppression processes GRC1.44 Propellant Systems Technology Research to advance the technology of aeropropulsion propellant systems from ground support equipment to flight and into the low gravity environment. Disciplines include fluid dynamics, heat transfer, thermodynamics and high energy propellant chemistry. Of particular interest are the fundamentals applied to * Storage, supply and transfer of subcritical cryogens during launch and coast orbits * Production, handling and ignition of densified propellants * Development and usage of prediction codes to describe processes and detailed experimental programs to validate the models GRC1.45 Turbine Research & Technology Research involving the development, assessment, and application of computational fluid dynamics tools and models for turbine design and analysis, and the acquisition and analysis of experimental measurements of flow and heat transfer in turbines. The computational emphasis involves the * Development and validation of advanced computer codes and models * Modification of codes and models to extend range and accuracy * Application of codes and models to practical problems * Measurements of simplified and realistic, complex geometries for validation of advanced numerical flow and heat transfer analysis codes, and for the development of new physical models Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC1.1 Aeronautical Research Airport * The Aeronautical Research airport supports research opportunities in aviation safety technology, remotely piloted vehicle research, and airport technology development. Johnson Space Center Supporting "Space Base R&T Program" JSC1.1 Parafoil Performance * Research to investigate and determine the aerodynamic stability characteristics for a parafoil and payload system of large scale applicable to spacecraft landing. Of particular interest are attitude damping derivatives, as well as the roll coefficients due to sideslip and yaw rate. JSC1.2 Nanotechnology * Research applications and bulk production of single-walled carbon nanotubes. JSC1.3 Fluid & Vehicle Attitude Control Systems * low gravity earth storable and cryogenic fluid behavior, acquisition, and fluid quantity/flow gauging * pulsing engine design, combustion modeling, and stability analysis * high temperature combustion compatible materials * on-orbit component and system health monitoring * high performance/long life fluid control components and sensors. JSC1.4 Electro-Mechanical Systems (EMAs) * Research into electro-mechanical systems (EMA) for aerodynamic surface control, mechanical system actuation (i.e. doors, umbilicals, etc.), fluid component actuation, and electrical auxiliary power units for hydraulic systems. This research includes high performance electrical motors, controllers, gear trains, fault tolerance, and associated instrumentation. JSC1.5 Electrical Power Systems * safe application of high density, long life, battery chemistries for manned spacecraft * high current density, long life fuel cells for manned spacecraft applications * specification of stability requirements on source and load converters for large, manned spacecraft regulated power distribution systems, including topologies. JSC1.6 Flow Diagnostics * Flow diagnostics and measurement techniques are being developed for both flight and high-enthalpy arc jet flows used for thermal-protection system testing. Some techniques of interest for arc diagnostics are laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), LIF anemometry, emission spectroscopy, laser-Raman scattering, and gas-sampling probes with mass spectrometry. An understanding of flow fields is required for gas/surface interaction studies, including surface catalytic atom recombination and the associated diagnostics of the excited molecules produced. Johnson Space Center has a 10 Mw arc tunnel facility with some laser and spectroscopic diagnostic equipment. More instrumentation for the facility is being planned. JSC1.7 Aerothermodynamics RESTRICTED ELIGIBILITY: This research is open only to US citizens and Legal Permanent Residents. * Developing techniques for coupling of ablating surfaces with the external flow. * Studying and developing engineering assessment techniques and detailed, physically accurate models. * Physical data such as chemical reaction rates in multitemperature nonequilibrium flows. * Transport properties for reacting and partially ionized gases are needed. * Chemistry and aerodynamics of the Martian atmosphere. * Develop models for catalytic atom recombination on surfaces for both air and the Martian atmosphere. JSC1.8 Tracking and Communications * optical and RF sensor systems for autonomous landing and hazard avoidance * digital transmitters and receivers * MMIC distributed array antennas * multi-beam and high-gain electronically steerable antennas * high-rate, free space optical/laser communications systems with ultrahigh convergence and precision acquisition and tracking capabilities * wireless instrumentation systems * space applications of global positioning system capabilities * space to ground HDTV * orbital debris detection and tracking. JSC1.9 Flight Data Systems * High speed, radiation tolerant avionic systems * micro electronic hardware components to enable lightweight, low-power, ultra-reliable avionic systems for long duration manned space missions * application of standards to spaceflight data system architectures * fault-tolerant standards solutions * real-time object-oriented software * application of commercial hardware solutions to space flight environments * radiation characterization analysis hardware * mixed signal ASIC design * fault-tolerant backplanes * distributed processing for sensor signal characterization of impending failures. JSC1.10 Electrical Power Systems * electrical power generation (energy conversion) * energy storage * electrical power distribution and control * safe application of high density, long life, battery chemistries for manned spacecraft * high current density, long life fuel cells for manned spacecraft applications * specification of stability requirements on source and load converters for large, manned spacecraft regulated power distribution systems, including topologies. Langley Research Center LaRC1.1 Aviation Safety Research (see Aviation Safety Program, AST54-AST58) LaRC1.2 Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) (See AST35) LaRC1.3 Advanced Computational Capability This activity includes * piloted simulation * computer-generated scientific visualization * image processing * grid generation * numerical techniques for high-performance scientific computers * computer networking technology * user interface development * mass storage techniques. LaRC1.4 Advanced Sensor Systems For spaceflight applications, develop * solid-state lidar systems * semiconductor detector technologies * high-temperature superconductor technologies LaRC1.5 Materials Characterization Technology * Nondestructive evaluation electromagnetics * ultrasonic propagation and scattering in composites * ultrasonic arrays * signal processing * image analysis * nonlinear acoustics * electron microscopy * microstructural physics * elastic behavior * X-ray tomography * fiber optic sensors * electronics reliability. LaRC1.6 Measurement Science and Instrument Technology This activity develops far-infrared sensor technology, electromechanical sensors, digital data systems, optical and laser spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, pressure measurements, thermal measurements, structural dynamics and acoustics measurements, optical interferometery and photogrammetry techniques, and electronics applications. * Far-Infrared Sensor Technology * Advanced Electronics and Digital Signal Processing * Optical Measurements * Digital Data Acquisition * Shear Stress measurements and Optical Spectroscopic Diagnostics * Aeroelastic Deformation Measurement * Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography * Solid-State Laser Systems * In-Situ (Aircraft-Based) Sensors * Thermal Measurements * Aerodynamic Force/Moment Measurements * Optical Interferometery Photography * Pressure Measurements * Advanced Instrument Pointing and Tracking and * Analog Data Processing * Aircraft Data Systems * Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical Parts, Radiation Effects * Acoustic and Static Pressure Measurements * Measurement Uncertainty Analysis * Statistical Analysis and Design of Experiments * Open-Architecture Data Acquisition Systems * MEMS Technology LaRC1.7 Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics Opportunities for research exist in the areas of configuration aerodynamics, high-lift aerodynamics, component integration, Reynolds number effects, aerothermodynamics, hypersonic airbreathing propulsion, fluid flow physics, high-temperature gas dynamics, wind tunnel operations, and advanced test techniques. The Division develops and validates theoretical, computational, and experimental techniques for use in the analysis and design of aeronautical, space transportation, and planetary entry systems. * Subsonic Aerodynamics * Configuration Aerodynamics * Wind Tunnel Operations * Aerothermodynamics * Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion LaRC1.8 Computational Aerospace Sciences The Computational Aerospace Sciences Team manages the Langley High Performance Computing and Communications Program (HPCCP), which includes activity in the Computational Aerospace Sciences (CAS) Project and Learning Technologies Project (LTP). The main CAS focus at Langley is the development of computational tools, visualization tools, databases, user interfaces, and system software to facilitate the multidisciplinary design and optimization of aerospace systems with the current focus being on the high-speed civil transport. The Learning Technologies Project increases public access to scientific databases, develops new applications and pilot programs for using science data, and creates new curriculum products and tools for K-14 education. * Computational Aerospace Sciences Project (see AST78) * Learning Technologies Project (see AST81) LaRC1.9 Flight Dynamics and Controls This division conducts focused and basic research and technology development programs in flight mechanics, guidance, navigation, control, crew systems, and operating procedures for aircraft and spacecraft. It also develops analytical methods, experimentally evaluates methods and concepts, and serves as the Research and Technology focal point for flight and piloted simulation testing. * Crew/Vehicle Integration * Guidance and Control * Vehicle Dynamics * Dynamics and Control * Crew Systems & Operations LaRC1.10 Flight Electronics Technology Division Opportunities for research exist covering flight electronic system sensing, computing, and display for mission and life-critical aerospace applications. Flight system sensing includes laser sensing, microwave remote sensing technology including electromagnetic analysis methods, far-field and near-field antenna measurements, compact range technology, and aircraft and spacecraft antenna technology. Computer technology and data processing research areas include optical data processing; solid-state memory technology; very-high-speed information processing; concurrent processing; and highly reliable, fault-tolerant, and safe computing systems. * Sensors Research * Electromagnetic Technology * Systems Integration * Assessment Technology LaRC1.11 Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Opportunities are available in the areas of computational, theoretical, and experimental fluid mechanics and acoustics. Fluid mechanics research addresses the enhanced understanding of viscous flow phenomena including boundary-layer transition, turbulence, and separated and vortical flows; modeling of transition, turbulence, and vortical flow phenomena; computational fluid mechanics including accurate and efficient algorithm development; innovative flow control concepts for reducing induced and friction drag, enhancing performance of future high-lift systems, and reducing/increasing mixing; advanced nonintrusive flow diagnostics; and computational multidisciplinary design optimization systems. Acoustics research addresses the understanding, prediction, and reduction of the noise associated with subsonic and supersonic aircraft. This computational, theoretical, and experimental research focuses on engine, rotor, and airframe noise as well as the sonic boom generated by supersonic aircraft. Specific areas include tilt rotor/helicopter noise, fan and jet noise, propeller noise, laminar flow acoustics, acoustic response, interior noise, sonic fatigue, structural acoustics, and noise propagation. The area of computational acoustics represents a major new research thrust. * Fluid Mechanics * Acoustics LaRC1.12 Materials The Materials Division conducts research on advanced materials and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies for aircraft and spacecraft structures. Materials research includes development of high-performance polymers, light alloys and composites, and the processing and manufacturing technologies required to improve performance and reduce weight and cost of aerospace structures. Service life testing is performed to establish durability of these materials under simulated aircraft and spacecraft service conditions. Analyses and modeling are performed to predict structural integrity and develop a fundamental understanding of failure mechanisms. Nondestructive evaluation techniques and methodologies are developed to inspect aircraft and space launch vehicle structures. * Fatigue and Fracture of Metals and Composites * Refractory Matrix Composites and Thermal Protection Materials * Advanced Light Alloy and Metal-Matrix Composites * High-Performance Polymers and Polymer Matrix Composites * Nondestructive Evaluation Sciences LaRC1.13 Structures The Structures Division conducts a wide variety of analytical and experimental research aimed towards the development of more efficient structures for aircraft and space vehicles. Research studies focusing on analytical methods for improving structural analysis and design are developed and validated by laboratory experiments. New structural concepts for both metal and composite structures are also developed and evaluated through laboratory testing. Additional research is conducted in integrating advanced structural and active-control concepts toenhance structural performance. The special thermal-structural requirements of thermal protection systems and cryogenic tanks are addressed in research for future reusable launch vehicles. Studies of landing and impact dynamics focus on increasing safety during ground operations and crash impact. Research in the aeroelasticity area ranges from unsteady aerodynamics for current and future aircraft and space vehicles to wind tunnel tests of flutter models. The division operates a number of major facilities at Langley Research Center. These include the Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility, the Impact Dynamics Research Facility, the Dynamics Testing and Research Laboratory, the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, the Structures and Materials Research Laboratory, the Thermal Structures Laboratory and the Combined Loads Testing System Facility (COLTS). * Aeroelasticity Branch * Structural Mechanics Branch * Structural Dynamics Branch * Computational Structures Branch * Thermal Structures Branch Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC1.1 Launch Vehicle Technologies * Low-cost designs, concepts, and manufacturing processes for tanks and vehicle structures; and innovative approaches and techniques to reduce range costs of small launchers such as Bantam. * Control and health management of vehicle structural systems by using sensors and effectors that have little influence on the structural system parameters with the exception of the structural damping parameters. * Continuous estimation of center of mass and inertial properties. * Real-time retuning of control algorithms to reflect known changes in vehicle response or sensor performance, and accurate, continuous estimation of fuel remaining on-board. * Thermal-protection system concepts, instrumentation analysis tools, and testing techniques for reusable vehicles, cryo-tanks, and vehicle base regions. * Innovative system level models that support the design and analysis of integration of vehicle subsystems and propulsion systems into the vehicle (such as the ability to assess operability of the systems and to model the impacts of design changes on vehicle cost, operations, vehicle aerodynamics, and controllability). * Integrated CAD, solid-model, structural, dynamic, thermal, and fluid-flow analysis methods for multi-disciplinary analysis and optimization of launch vehicles, and vehicle subsystems; and improved vehicle analysis tools in the areas of stress, thermal, structural, and fluid dynamics. * Automated propellant management systems; and technologies and innovative engineering capabilities to produce propulsion storage, feed, pressurization, fill and drain, vent, and support/restraint systems. * Technology developments in antimatter production, storage, transportation, and utilization for application as a propulsion energy source. * Propulsion applications of technology innovations in fission or fusion energy production. * Technology innovations for offboard, beamed power-driven propulsion. Of special interest is research leading to economical launch of small payloads. * Development of propulsion systems based on solar, laser or magnetically propelled sails or current loops. Of special interest are concepts that could be used for interstellar exploration. * Components and subsystems for advanced airbreathing/rocket combined cycle engines, deeply cooled turbojets and liquid air cycle engine concepts. * Advanced high-energy-density propellants and propellant storage/transfer techniques. MSFC1.2 Space Transfer Technologies * Chemical propulsion and fluid systems for engines that are used for orbit transfer, in-space transfer and ascent/descent missions. * materials compatible with high-temperature, oxidizing and reactive environments; * components for fluid isolation, pressure/mass flow regulation, relief quick disconnect, and flow control; * techniques for metering, injection, and ignition of fluids in combustion devices; gaseous storage and pressurization systems; * non-intrusive component and system diagnostics; * systems for liquid-free gas venting, gas free liquid propellant delivery, and mass quantity gauging in reduced gravity environments and systems/components for actuation of aero-surfaces and valves using hydraulic, electro-hydraulic or electromechanical power drives. MSFC1.3 Enhancements to or development of new propulsion systems that use energy sources that do not have to be launched. * Components or system level technologies for solar thermal propulsion. * Electrodynamic tether propulsion systems or component level technologies. * Momentum transfer tether propulsion systems or component level technologies. * Technologies for aerocapture or aeroassisted propulsion systems. MSFC1.4 Lightweight Engine Components * Development of lightweight turbomachinery components having capability to operate in hot (1000 deg C) hydrogen rich steam and oxygen rich environments. * Development of fabrication techniques capable of producing uniform densities in CMC blisks for thicknesses ranging from one to three inches, and diameters up to eighteen inches. * Innovative technologies providing lower cost, lightweight combustion components (e.g. cooled and uncooled thrust chambers and nozzles, high load capacity nozzle structural components, injector faceplates, minimal erosion throats, etc.) for LOX/ H2 and LOX/RP environments. * Attachment methodology development for joining polymer matrix composites (PMC), CMC and ceramic components to metallic and nonmetallic components (e.g. cooling channel manifolds to nozzles, transmission of high torque loads from metallic rotors to CMC blisks, flanging or connection of ducts to metallics, brazing, diffusion bonding, etc.) * Ultrahigh temperature (greater than 2000 degrees Celsius) propulsion and plasma confinement development for solar thermal absorbers and nuclear thermal applications. * Innovative, low cost (with metrics), fabrication methodology development for preceding lightweight component applications. * Development of functionally gradient materials for preceding applications. * Innovative, lightweight composite feedlines, ducts, and housings for applications ranging from cryogenic temperatures to 300 deg C. * Advancements in the non-destructive evaluation of lightweight engine components, including the use of embedded or surface mount smart sensors for real time monitoring of engine components. * Design of inducers with a suction performance capability of over 85,000 suction specific speed with a inducer tip flow coefficient of over 0.10. MSFC1.5 Materials, Material Processing, and Coatings for Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft Components * Innovative fabrication technology that combines advanced materials and processing techniques; non-autoclave curing and alternate curing techniques, e.g., x-ray or electron beam, UV. * Rapid, multidimensional preformed fabrication for continuous fiber-reinforced composites with simple or complex geometry and/or large dimensions. * Manufacturing processes for LOX-compatible and reusable composite lines, ducts, and cryotanks. * Production of lightweight tooling and mandrels for composite structures. * Processing techniques for non-uniform composite structures. * Damage-resistant composite structures (residual strength property measurement and prediction after impact). * Advanced materials and processes for both oxygen-rich and high-temperature applications. * Advanced ceramics/composites for propulsion system components including turbopump components, lines/ducts, cooled and uncooled nozzle applications, and valve components. * Improved structural integrity materials for use in end-item component processing with rapid-prototyping technologies. * Process control instrumentation for characterization and verification of material properties, including thermal, optical, electrical, mechanical and moisture absorption and composition utilizing new and innovative state-of-the-art technologies. * Coatings technologies vital in developing advanced high-temperature superalloy intermetallic-, and ceramic-matrix composites with enhanced structural, environmental, and use-temperature capability. * On-orbit repair for coating, bonding, seals, and structures. * Adhesive bonding materials with high-performance capabilities in extreme environments such as cryogenic temperatures and elevated temperatures above 520 K. * Surface preparation techniques for substrates such as aluminum, steels, titanium, epoxy and graphite composites, glasses, and ceramics. * Paints and other surface coatings for space flight applications that are adherent to standard substrates and are free of flaking, low outgassing, stable alpha and epsilon, stable electrical behavior, and resistant to ionizing radiation and atomic oxygen. * Thread locking compounds that have a range of predictable shear strengths and low outgassing. * Optical cements with a stable refractive index resistant to ionizing radiation and low outgassing. * Atomic oxygen resistant flexible coatings for materials such as thermal blankets and flexible composite structures. * Dense deposits of refractory metals, ceramics, and metal carbides. Thickness greater than 0.125 inch is of particular interest. * Application of thermally sprayed coatings to non-metallic and composite materials to enhance or extend utility or service limitations. * Coatings for protection of materials to be used in gaseous oxygen-rich environments. * Coating or spraying processes that allow forming of dense, high quality metallic or ceramic structural parts of complex geometry. * Improvements in thermal spray hardware that improve operational life of frequently replaced components, particularly for plasma spray hardware. * Thermal spray processes, hardware, or materials that allow application of high melting point materials to heat-sensitive substrate materials. * Thermal spray or liquid metal forming without the use of a vacuum chamber. MSFC1.6 Space Transportation * Affordable access to space must be the ultimate goal in order for America to realize the potential for research and commerce in space. NASA envisions the space frontier as a busy crossroads of U.S. led international science, research, commerce, and exploration. Our experience with this vast resource has already yielded new treasures of scientific knowledge, life-enhancing applications for use on Earth and fantastic celestial discoveries. The potential for the future seems almost limitless. Goals include reducing the payload cost to Low Earth Orbit by an order of magnitude, from $10K to $1K per pound, within 10 years and from $1K to $100's per pound by 2020. MSFC1.7 Bonding and Joining Technologies * Innovative technologies are sought for bonding and joining of materials to improve the performance and affordability of future aerospace systems. Advancements are sought that improve joint efficiency, allow joining of a wider range of materials, improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of the joint, and extend the understanding of factors influencing these characteristics. * Technologies and processes are sought for joining of aluminum alloys, especially in the application of cryotankage and structures for future space vehicles. Of particular interest are those applicable to high-performance aluminum-lithium alloys and aluminum metal-matrix composites. * Methods for low-cost fabrication in the more common aluminum alloys and other structural metallic alloys are of interest * Technologies are needed to improve control of welding, brazing and other joining processes as they are applied to joints for aerospace vehicles. These technologies should be compatible with the quality requirements for aerospace vehicles, and should include process control technologies as well as non-destructive examination methods. * Techniques are needed for in-space welding and its associated operations, including welding, brazing, cutting, joint preparation, and non-destructive examination. These techniques would be applied to aluminum, stainless, and titanium alloys in plate and tube forms. * Techniques and processes are sought for the joining of dissimilar refractory metals and ceramics capable of withstanding repeated cycling to or long-term sustained operation at very high temperatures (approaching the melting points of the materials being joined). Materials of interest include, but are not limited to, refractory metals such as TZM and titanium, ceramics such as mullite, alumina or silicon nitride, various carbon-carbon composites, graphite and CVD diamond. The requirement for sustained operation at high temperature severely restricts the use of active metal braze techniques, while the requirement for repeated high temperature cycling makes it essential that detailed consideration be given in the proposal to problems of CTE mismatch. Material properties of particular interest in the bonded assemblages include the electrical conductivity of the joint and its stability in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres at high temperature. Prospective uses for the techniques developed under this subtask include the construction of ultracompact, highly-efficient furnaces and evaporators to enable particle experiments on the Space Shuttle and Space Station. MSFC1.8 Advanced Chemical Propulsion * theoretical and experimental research activities in high-energy density propellant formulation and characterization. Advanced chemical propellants of interest include metallized liquid and gelled propellants, densified propellants, high-energy content hydrocarbons, and atomic hydrogen, carbon or boron. * diagnostic methodologies for detailed measurements related to details of mixing processes, combustion, energy release, and performance for these advanced chemical propellants and propulsion technologies. * in-situ propellant production is also of interest to us. MSFC1.9 Advanced Launch Propulsion * Theoretical and experimental consideration of different propulsion technologies and concepts , including (but are not limited to) combined cycle engines, pulse detonation, liquid air/deeply cooled engine cycles, magnetohydrodynamics, and beamed energy/laser propulsion * demonstration of the critical processes or resolution of key technical issues that would enable these technologies to be considered for advanced development in future NASA and commercial applications. MSFC1.10 Advanced Space Propulsion * innovative, high-performance propulsion systems for transportation within cislunar space, the solar system and beyond. * advanced high-energy density propellants, nuclear fission, fusion and antimatter propulsion * demonstration of the critical functions or resolution of key technical issues that would enable these technologies to be considered for advanced development in future NASA exploration missions. MSFC1.11 Non-chemical Energy Sources for Propulsion * development of high-energy density reactions and processes for use in advanced propulsion systems. MSFC1.12 Speculative Motive Physics * the identification and critical evaluation of newly discovered physical concepts and laws * testable theories and research which could lead to hyper-fast transportation, metastable storage of antimatter with matter, active manipulation of inertia and gravity, or exploitation of vacuum zero-point energy MSFC1.13 Structural Materials Research Restricted Eligibility: This research is open only to US citizens. * characterization of fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness of ductile materials and metal matrix composites * computational non-linear fracture mechanics for structural integrity assessment of structures fabricated from ductile materials and metal matrix composites * quantitative assessment of the resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of metallic materials * assessment of the effect of hydrogen on mechanical properties of metallic materials. * linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics * effects of hostile environments on mechanical properties of metallic and metal matrix composite materials * development and optimization of advanced metals-processing methods * quantitative prediction of the materials' response to various metals-processing methods (e.g., heat treatment and cold forming) by finite element methods numerical simulation of casting processes. MSFC1.14 Welding Restricted Eligibility: This research is open only to US citizens. * Research is in progress to support the development of ground- and space-based welding technology. Research areas include * the effect of process parameters on weld geometry and microstructure * the effect of geometry and microstructure on the weld strength, which employ both theoretical-analytical and experimental methods * Designs for innovative welding apparatus, robotics, sensors, and control systems are sought and studied. * arcing, liquid metal hazards, and combustibility of metals. MSFC1.15 Casting Restricted Eligibility: This research is open only to US citizens. * modeling investment casting processes * studying computation techniques and physics of mold filling and microstructure generation Enterprise 2 Earth Science NASA HQ Contact: Dr. Ming-Ying Wei mwei@hq.nasa.gov (202) 358-0771 NASA's Earth Science Enterprise is dedicated to understanding the total Earth system and the effects of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment. The vantage point of space provides information about Earth's land, atmosphere, ice, oceans and biota that is obtainable in no other way. Programs of the Enterprise study the interactions among these components to advance the new discipline of Earth System Science, with a near-term emphasis on global climate change. The research results also contribute to the development of sound environmental policy and economic investment decisions. Understanding the Earth System NASA's Earth observing satellites and sponsored research have led scientists to view the Earth as a system--as a dynamic set of interactions among the land surface, atmosphere, oceans & ice caps, and the Earth's interior. This profound realization gave rise to the birth of the new interdisciplinary field of Earth System Science. This way of studying the Earth is critical to understanding how global climate responds to the forces and feedbacks acting on it. For much of human history, humankind labored to adapt itself to patterns and variability of the Earth system--most notably in climate. Over the past several centuries, the balance shifted toward humankind adapting natural world for human purposes, most notably in agriculture, housing, transportation and energy generation. Most recently, the circle has been closed--human activity is now powerful enough to begin to affect the planet. While impacts of human activities have long been apparent at the local level, we are now seeing global-scale impacts, first in stratospheric ozone depletion and now perhaps in changing climate. And, as if to remind us of our limits, the Earth continues to offer disruptions of its own in the form of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and severe weather. We know that natural and human-induced changes are acting on the Earth system. Natural forces include variation in the Sun's energy output, and volcanic eruptions which spew dust and gases into the atmosphere and scatter incoming sunlight. Human forces include deforestation, carbon emission from burning of fossil fuels, methane and soil dust production from agriculture, and ozone depletion by various industrial chemicals. Internal climate factors such as atmospheric water vapor and clouds also introduce feedbacks which serve to either dampen or enhance the strength of climate forcing. We also know the climate system exhibits considerable variability in time and space, i.e., both short and long term changes and regionally-specific impacts. Researchers have constructed computer models to simulate the Earth system, and to explore the possible outcomes of potential changes they introduce in the models. This way of looking at the Earth as a system is a powerful means of understanding changes we see around us. That has two implications for Earth Science. First, we need to characterize (that is, identify and measure) the forces acting on the Earth system and its responses. Second, we have to peer inside the system to understand the source of internal variability: the complex interplay among components that comprise the system. Earth system changes are global phenomena. Yet it comprises many microscale processes, and the most significant manifestations are regional. Thus, studying such changes requires a global view at regionally-discerning resolutions. This is where NASA comes in, bringing the unique capability to study planet Earth from the vantage point of space. By combining observations, research and modeling, we create a capability to predict Earth system change to help our partners produce better forecasts of change. Applying Earth Science to Practical Problems Knowledge gained about the Earth System has many practical applications, one of which is improved preparedness for Natural hazards. Large natural disasters were three times more frequent in the 1990s compared to the 1960s, and disaster costs were 9 times as great. Natural hazard risks and losses are increasing with concentration of people and property assets in economically valuable but naturally vulnerable areas. In the United States alone, the 1990's have seen some of the most expensive natural disasters in our history, including the Missouri River floods ('92), Hurricane Andrew ('92) and the Northridge Earthquake ('94). The linkage of natural disasters to climate and other Earth system changes is an active area of research. If we understand the processes leading to earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, floods and other hazards we can help other Federal and State agencies mitigate the loss of life and property through improved planning, improved response, and more efficient post-event recovery. Space based technology has the potential to significantly contribute to efforts to reduce the losses due to inevitable natural disasters. ESE research is focused on modeling the relevant Earth system processes to achieve reliable prediction capability. This research is coordinated with NOAA, the Federal agency with responsibility for operational weather and climate forecasting, so they can factor these models into their forecasts. We partner with USGS to monitor land surface motion in the LA Basin and characterize land surface worldwide, and we partner with FEMA to improve their flood plain mapping and disaster preparedness with radar topography data. Spread of certain infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever, is a function of regional, seasonal climate conditions. NASA and the National Institutes of Health are employing remote sensing data to predict and hopefully head off instances of disease outbreaks. Program Elements The science program elements (ESE1-ESE20) and application themes (ESE21-ESE24) are described below. Please periodically consult the ESE web site http://www.earth.nasa.gov/ for new developments and up-to-date information. ESE1 EOS Interdisciplinary Investigations NASA and partner agencies are cooperating with other nations in developing EOS. EOS consists of a series of polar-orbiting and lower inclination satellites that will provide global observations of the land surface, oceans, ice sheets, and atmosphere over a minimum period of 15 years, with initial launches scheduled for 1999; a comprehensive data and information system to acquire, process, archive, and make available the resulting information to a broad range of users; and a basic research program supporting development of models/algorithms for retrieval of information content of global observations and interdisciplinary Earth system science investigations. Contact: James Dodge (202) 358-0764, James.Dodge@hq.nasa.gov ESE2 Global Modeling and Analysis The goal of this effort is to use models and model-assimilated data sets to assess global climate system variability and trends on seasonal-interannual through century time scales. The strategy behind this program element is to develop, improve, and test global atmospheric climate models and their couplings to models of other parts of the Earth system, and to use them to diagnose and predict climate variations and trends, with the objective of providing analytic and predictive capability for assessments of global climate and Earth system behavior. This element also seeks to develop, improve, test, and assist in implementing a near-real-time model-driven data assimilation system that will have the capability of ingesting EOS and other remotely sensed observational data along with conventional data, with the objective of providing the best possible synthesis of observational information and model skill, in the form of research-quality climate data sets for community use. Contact: Robert Schiffer, (202) 358-1876, rschiffe@hq.nasa.gov ESE3 Land-Cover and Land-Use Change The goal here is to develop the capability to perform repeated global inventories of land-cover and land-use from space, and to develop the scientific understanding and models necessary to evaluate the consequences of the observed changes. The strategy behind this program element is to develop methods and techniques, and to conduct research to evaluate impacts and the consequences of land-use change; to establish ways to quantify them; and to develop the capabilities to explore alternative land-use and monitoring strategies. The program will consist of a combination of satellite-, aircraft-, and field-based studies. The broader. challenge of accurately accounting for land-use and land-cover change and the underlying research to interpret it will require a partnership with many scientific and natural resource management institutions around the world. Emphasis will be on the regions of the world currently undergoing the most stress, and where stresses from human activities are sure to increase the most rapidly. Contact: Garik Gutman, (202) 358-0276, ggutman@hq.nasa.gov ESE4 Global Data Integration and Validation The goal here is to support the interdisciplinary interpretation of remote-sensing data from a variety of U.S. and foreign satellites in order to validate atmospheric remote-sensing algorithms, and to study the time and space variations of the derived geophysical parameters. The strategy behind this program element is to acquire appropriate satellite and in situ data to validate algorithm performance in regional-global intercomparisons and field experiments for the study of physical interactions between the atmosphere and the land, ocean, or ice surfaces below; to refine the remote-sensing algorithms until their outputs serve as base environmental states and as measures of the natural variability of specific parameters; to provide the determined environmental states, variability, and trends to models for characterizing model performance and validating retrospective model runs to the present; to determine the variability of atmospheric moisture, energy and water cycles, surface fluxes from the oceans, and changes in water vapor radiative forcing; to establish remote measurement capabilities for difficult variables like precipitation, cloud liquid water, water vapor varying with height, and in-cloud particle type effects; and to contribute to assessments of global and regional variability of atmospheric water source availability. Contact: James Dodge, (202) 358-0763, james.dodge@hq.nasa.gov ESE5 Pathfinder Data Sets This program is designed to support the development of accurate long-term data sets useful for studies of Earth system processes and trends over extended time periods. Pathfinder Data Sets may combine data from multiple satellite instruments and/or combine ground-, airborne-, and space-based data in the course of developing the improved long-term data sets. These may cover atmospheric, land surface, oceanic, or cryospheric parameters. Contact: James Dodge, (202) 358-0763, james.dodge@hq.nasa.gov ESE6 Land Surface Hydrology The goal of this effort is to develop a predictive understanding of the role of water in land-atmosphere interaction and to further the scientific basis of water resources management. The strategy behind this program element is to develop process models for describing mesoscale coupling of atmospheric motion and the exchange of water, energy, and momentum at the land surface; to develop new or improved technology and techniques for measuring hydrologic variables and seek new applications to hydrologic problems; and to formulate new theories about the role of land-atmosphere interactions in regional and global climate. Contact: Bob Schiffer, (202) 358-1876, rschiffe@hq.nasa.gov ESE7 Atmospheric Dynamics and Remote Sensing The goal here is to develop an improved understanding of the physical processes important in establishing the circulation of the atmosphere on all scales, ranging from the cloud, regional, and mesoscale to the global scale. This includes not only a comprehensive understanding of the distributions and variations of mass, energy, momentum, and water vapor in the troposphere at all scales, but also a complete understanding of the coupling between the dynamical and thermodynamic processes with the hydrologic and radiative processes. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to monitor the physical variables that characterize the state of the atmosphere. Therefore, the research programs pursued include the development of ground-, airborne-, and space-based remote-sensing techniques; participation in field experiments to obtain comprehensive data sets; advanced process modeling studies such as interscale energy transitions; and development of parameterizations for moist convective system frontal zones, internal gravity waves, clouds, and radiative transfer. Contact: Ramesh Kakar, (202) 358-0240, ramesh.kakar@hq.nasa.gov ESE8 Geologic Research This program element seeks to understand the evolution and dynamics of the upper crust of the Earth and its interaction with the interior and hydrosphere. The program element includes remote sensing technology developments related to measurement of the composition of the Earth's surface, topography and surface changes. Technology includes visible through thermal infrared electroptical instruments as well as polarimetric synthetic aperture radar as well as interferometric SAR. The strategy behind this program element is to observe, understand, and predict the dynamics and evolution of the Earth's surface in order to mitigate the danger of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, to understand land subsidence, and to locate and access natural resources. Contact: John LaBrecque, (202) 358-1373, jlabrecq@hq.nasa.gov ESE9 Geodynamics and Geopotential Fields This program element seeks to enhance science and technology related to the dynamics of the solid Earth and its interactions with the oceans and atmosphere. Its goals include: to observe and understand the dynamics of the Earth's lithosphere and interior, orientation and rotation dynamics, and to increase understanding of the fundamental processes that generate and maintain the Earth's geopotential fields. This program includes the development of geodetic techniques to measure deformation of the solid Earth, including Global Positioning System, Very Long Baseline Interferometry, and Satellite Laser Ranging technology, and geopotential fields techniques for monitoring the magnetic and gravity fields. The strategy is to observe and understand deformation of the Earth as a means of understanding and mitigating geologic hazards, to observe and understand the static and dynamic components of the Earth's gravity field as a means of detecting lithospheric and mantle structure and dynamics, cryospheric, hydrological, and atmospheric mass flux. This also involves observing the dynamics of the Earth's magnetic field as a means of characterizing the core processes that generate the Earth's main magnetic field, the mechanisms leading to main field polarity reversal, and the structure, composition, and evolution of the mantle. Contact: John LaBrecque, (202) 358-1373, jlabrecq@hq.nasa.gov ESE10 Polar Research The Polar regions play an important role in global climate, and they contain in the form of ice about 80% of the fresh water on Earth - enough to raise sea level more than 70 meters if it melted. The two prime goals of NASA's Polar Research Program are (1) to measure and understand the mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to be able to assess their potential contributions to sea-level change and improve our ability to predict future changes; and (2) to improve the simulation of ocean/ice/atmosphere processes in climate models to improve the capability of such models to predict future climate. The strategy behind the program is to develop improved techniques for estimating important ice parameters from satellite and in situ data, to use time series of these estimated parameters to investigate key processes and their mutual interactions, and to develop ice-sheet and atmosphere/sea-ice/ocean models that incorporate our improved understanding. Contact: Kim Partington, (202) 358-0746, Kim.Partington@hq.nasa.gov ESE11 Atmospheric Effects of Aviation The goal here is to develop a scientific assessment of current and future subsonic and potential supersonic aviation on atmospheric ozone levels and global climate, with a focus on commercial aircraft cruise emissions. The strategy behind this program element is to promote advancements in the conceptual understanding and computational model representations of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere processes and aircraft wake and plume processes; to improve input databases for models, specifically those for operational aircraft scenarios, photolysis rates, chemical reaction rates, and source gas emissions; and to denote and quantify, where possible, uncertainties in the conceptual understanding and model representation of atmospheric processes related to aircraft impacts. Note this program is part of the Office of Aerospace Technology of NASA. Contact: Don Anderson, (202) 358-1432; anderson@maia.gsfc.nasa.gov ESE12 Terrestrial Ecology The goal here is to improve understanding of the structure and function of global terrestrial ecosystems, their interactions with the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and their role in the cycling of the major biogeochemical elements and water. The strategy behind this program element is to use remote sensing to observe the distribution and structure of the Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, to conduct process studies to elucidate ecosystem functions, and to develop realistic models that simulate these ecosystem properties and processes. Emphasis is on integrating process understanding with remote-sensing observations and ecological modeling to extend understanding across spatial and temporal scales.' Contact: Diane Wickland, (202) 358-0245, diane.wickland@hq.nasa.gov ESE13 Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis The goal of this program element is to improve understanding of the distribution of chemically and radiatively active trace constituents and aerosols in the troposphere and stratosphere at regional to global scales, through the development of computational models representing atmospheric chemistry and transport processes, and by model-based analysis and interpretation of atmospheric constituent and dynamical data. The strategy behind this program element is to develop models of atmospheric chemistry and physics for both the troposphere and stratosphere, and to interpret atmospheric trace gas and aerosol data, emphasizing the characterization of spatial and temporal variability and distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic origins of this variability. Contact: Phil DeCola, (202) 358-0768, pdecola@hq.nasa.gov ESE14 Upper Atmosphere Research The goal of this program is to understand the chemical, physical, and transport processes of the atmosphere (upper troposphere and stratosphere) and their control of the distribution of atmospheric species such as ozone; to accurately assess possible perturbations to the composition of the atmosphere caused by human activities and natural phenomena; and to understand the processes affecting the distribution of radiatively active species in the atmosphere, the dynamical and chemical coupling of the troposphere and stratosphere, and the importance of chemical-radiative-dynamical feedbacks on the meteorology and climatology of the stratosphere and troposphere. Field measurements employing in situ and remote-sensing techniques from surface-based, aircraft, balloon, and rocket platforms are supported by laboratory studies of gas phase and heterogeneous kinetics, photochemistry, spectroscopy, and calibration standards development, as well as process-oriented modeling and data analysis. Contact: Mike Kurylo, (202) 358-0237, mike.kurylo@hq.nasa.gov ESE15 Tropospheric Chemistry Program The goal of this program element is to develop an understanding of global tropospheric chemistry and to assess the susceptibility of the global atmosphere to chemical change from human impacts and natural effects. Special attention is given to the connection of chemical change to climate change and to changes in atmospheric ozone. This effort seeks to determine tropospheric meteorological and chemical influences on the atmosphere as a whole, particularly the stratosphere and upper troposphere; to understand the chemistry of global tropospheric species and the causes of changes in chemical composition, particularly in regions of the world that are expected to experience the greatest stress from human impacts over the next decade; to develop techniques for remote and in situ measurement of the concentrations and fluxes of key tropospheric species; and to develop a strategy for chemical measurements from space platforms in combination with in situ measurement techniques. Contact: Vickie Connors, (202) 358-0353, vconnors@hq.nasa.gov ESE16 Radiation Science The goal of this program is to develop an understanding of radiative processes in the Earth's atmosphere and to use this understanding to determine their consequences on the Earth's climate. The approach taken is to use observations, analysis and modeling in the development of techniques to accurately calculate and predict the radiative feedback and forcing processes. Solar and thermal radiation energy is scattered, absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere and surface. These radiation energy exchanges heat or cool the atmosphere and surface depending upon the radiative characteristics of the component constituents. Clouds and aerosols significantly modify the radiation exchanges and thus, are significant agents that modify these radiation energy exchanges. For this reason, much of the research conducted in this program is focused on the radiation processes involving clouds and aerosols. To accurately calculate and predict the cloud radiation feedback and aerosol radiation forcing processes, observations are needed at a variety of space-time scales. NASA conducts observational and theoretical investigations of major radiative elements of the Earth's climate system and radiative forcing parameters, through analysis of satellite measurements, field experiments and modeling studies of major feedback mechanisms, and analysis and validation of space observations for radiative parameters and processes. Contact: Don Anderson, (202) 358-1432; anderson@maia.gsfc.nasa.gov ESE17 Biological Oceanography NASA is developing techniques to predict the ocean's biogeochemical response to, and its influence on, climate change; to predict variability in the structure of the phytoplankton community and its link with higher trophic levels and biogeochemical cycles; and to develop the scientific principles and information base required to understand the potential productivity of the coastal marine ecosystem. The Ocean Biology Program has developed two streams of research to address these goals. The first focuses on the production and analysis of decadal-scale time series of phytoplankton biomass and productivity on a global scale. The second emphasizes the development of predictive models of the ocean ecosystem. Funding of approximately $4.5 million per year for three years is anticipated. Contact: John Marra, (202) 358-0310, jmarra@hq.nasa.gov ESE18 Physical Oceanography NASA seeks to understand and determine the role of ocean processes in seasonal-to-interannual and longer climate variations with a particular emphasis on the use of space-based ocean observations. This program uses space-based observations to measure quantitative variations in ocean circulation, sea surface temperature, tides and mean sea level, sea surface winds, and air-sea fluxes. Space-based ocean observations provide global coverage, but only indirect subsurface information, therefor the program supports vigorous research in ocean modeling and data assimilation. Fundamental research on the properties of the seas surface supports development of new remote sensing techniques. Contact: Eric Lindstrom, (202) 358-4540, Eric.Lindstrom@hq.nasa.gov ESE19 UAV Science This program will provide support for the implementation of research missions involving uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Instrument development, integration into UAV platforms, and operations/deployment costs for science- and application-focused UAV flight missions can be covered under this program. Costs of platform test flights, including the development of operational heritage, will not be covered under this program, however. Contact: Cheryl Yuhas, (202) 358-0758, Cheryl.Yuhas@hq.nasa.gov ESE20 Mission Science Teams NASA periodically makes opportunities available for investigators to propose for science team membership for currently operating flight programs or for guest investigator programs supporting innovative use of space-based data. The timing and frequency of such announcements varies from mission to mission. Potential investigators should contact the program scientists in the relevant scientific discipline, or may contact Jack Kaye, (202) 358-2559, Jack.Kaye@hq.nasa.gov ESE21 Resource Management At the highest level, this application theme is concerned with balancing the resource demands and growth of populations with natural resource availability and sustainability. The natural resources applications theme includes several broad types of activity: agriculture, forestry, range-land management, nonrenewable and renewable energy, extraction (mining), conservation, fisheries and analysis of the regional impacts of climate change. The agricultural sector includes private farmers, agribusiness, and government agencies with properties that range from less than 1 acre to over 500,000 acres. This also includes businesses that sell products to the private and public sector for agriculture, as well as commodities forecasting, analysis, and speculation. The forestry sector includes global timber and paper businesses as well as management of National Forests through the U.S. Forest Service and forests around the world. Range-land management includes monitoring the health of large ranches, and monitoring the status of Federal lands. Nonrenewable energy applications include the exploration and development of oil, coal, and uranium. Renewable resource applications include analysis of solar and wind energy potential. Extraction includes the mining of minerals on all scales. Conservation applications are driven by the need for sustainable development and include topsoil erosion, watershed management, wetlands mapping and management, water withdrawal and supply maintenance, and wastewater treatment analysis. Other conservation applications relate to biota and include ecosystem analysis, analysis of protected areas, forest resource inventory, bio-diversity analysis, and wildlife habitat analysis including fragmentation studies. Additional conservation applications involve land use changes such as deforestation, environmental impact of development and farmland loss. Fisheries include industrial, commercial, and sport fishing, as well as fisheries management and conservation. Fish are defined broadly to include all living animals harvested from the ocean or inland water bodies. The other category of the natural resources theme involves the analysis of the regional impacts of climate change and the impacts of phenomena such as global warming and El Niño. An example of this is the National-Regional Assessments program. Potential customers within the natural resources include forest and range-land managers, energy and minerals companies, national, state, county, and local government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's) concerned with conservation, and utilities companies. Contact: Ed Sheffner, (202) 358-0239, esheffne@hq.nasa.gov ESE22 Disaster Management This application theme includes hazard assessment/risk exposure, disaster monitoring, and damage impact assessment related to either natural or manmade disasters. Major natural hazards categories include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, landslides, wildfires, flooding, and severe storms. Major manmade disasters include oil and other chemical spills, catastrophic release of airborne pollutants, catastrophic release of radioactive materials, and ruptures of reservoirs and pipelines. The disaster management sector is involved with the operational logistics and mitigation of natural disasters, as well as post-disaster damage impact assessment. Most of these functions are carried out by governmental organizations (federal, state, and local), although an increasing number academic institutions and private organizations are becoming involved. The disaster management theme also includes all insurance applications. The insurance and disaster management industries are related, insofar as they both deal with the risk of natural disasters and managing activity before, during, and after disasters. Typical uses of imaging include land cover characterization and DEM analysis to assess flood hazards, coastal mapping to assess hurricane and storm risk, and mapping of fuel loading to understand brush fire hazard. Contact: Ernest Paylor, (202) 358-0851, epaylor@hq.nasa.gov ESE23 Community Growth This application theme is the most diverse and includes urban planning, real estate, utilities, transportation, engineering/construction/development, and extraction of nonrenewable resources. Urban planning applications include the monitoring of urban growth, including the evolution of the correlative transportation infrastructure, cadastral mapping, and the production of maps and other analyses within a GIS utilizing satellite images as input. Utilities applications involve gas, electric, water, and telecommunications infrastructure and include monitoring and site planning and development. Transportation applications cross land, sea, and air and include everything from mapping of the evolving road, highway and rail network, pipeline routing and monitoring, cost-surface analysis of new transportation routes, traffic monitoring, monitoring barge traffic, international shipping, and sea ice. An additional transportation application involves the monitoring of volcanic eruptive plumes to reroute air traffic. Engineering/Construction/Development applications include site and infrastructure mapping, soils, runoff, and drainage mapping, and boundary mapping. Potential customers include state, county, and local government, NGO's concerned with development, utilities companies, transportation companies, engineering/construction/development companies, and nonrenewable energy companies. Contact: Doug Kahle, (202) 358-0745, dkahle@hq.nasa.gov ESE24 Environmental Quality This application theme includes a diverse array of activities that generally relate to air and water quality and include monitoring, management, and mitigation/remediation of groundwater and soil pollution, acid mine drainage and other effects of surface mining and solid waste. Other activities relate to ozone and acid rain, wetlands, analysis of environmental impact of development, non-point source pollution and analysis of urban heat islands. The disruption of the environment by nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus, and runoff of animal waste from animal farms is also included. Customers include national, state, and local government, private companies, FEMA, EPA, and the USGS. Contact: Ed Sheffner, (202) 358-0239, esheffne@hq.nasa.gov Centers Ames Research Center ARC2.1 Atmospheric Chemistry * Stratospheric ozone depletion * perturbations in the chemical composition of the atmosphere * climatic changes resulting from clouds * aerosols * greenhouse gases ARC2.2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate * Effect of aircraft emissions on the nitrogen oxide families (NOx) and ozone. * Effect of gravity waves generated by convection or stratospheric circulation * the effects of climate and land-cover interactions in the Amazon rain forest * the solar radiation regime of vegetation canopies * paleoenvironment studies using pollen data and leaf-area development. ARC2.3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Radiation * Interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere and with solar system bodies * high-resolution infrared spectroscopy experimental and theoretical studies into the absorption of radiation by gases to determine the molecular spectroscopic parameters needed for the design and interpretation of field measurement programs related to the atmospheric environments of Earth and other planetary and stellar bodies. Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC2.1 Advanced Architectures And Automation Research activities include: * Development and application of systems * hardware, and software technologies to support complex command and control * communications * telemetry data processing requirements for future space missions * advanced information management Performance of advanced technology development in such areas as * high performance VLSI systems for telemetry processing * high data rate/volume data storage architectures * distributed systems and networks * computer-aided software and systems engineering * human-machine interface and interaction technologies * artificial intelligence (especially in the areas of expert systems, agents, model-based reasoning, neural networks) * planning and scheduling * monitoring and control * data and information visualization * virtual environments * intelligent information management * usability testing and cognitive studies associated with human/system interactions Laboratory facilities provide some of the most advanced systems design and development capabilities available, including a complete suite of VLSI design tools, libraries, and workstations including SUN, HP, and Silicon Graphics; advanced tools for system and software engineering, modeling and human/computer interface design; and expert system shells and development environments. GSFC2.2 Space Geodesy/Earth Rotation/Gravitation Dynamics Research is in the following areas of space geodesy: * laser-tracking and very long baseline interferometric data to estimate changes in relative positions on Earth's surface * satellite geodetic methods * detailed structure of ocean geoid * satellite altimeter data to study ocean circulation and tides * methods for high accuracy Earth rotation * global geodetic variations excited by geophysical sources and * planetary gravity and magnetic fields. * Topographic analysis of Craters, Volcanoes and Landforms/Neotectonics * Formation and modification of craters, volcanoes, and landforms studied for Earth, Moon, Mars and Venus with data from airborne/spaceborne laser altimeters. GSFC2.3 Atmospheric Ozone One of the few centers of research that routinely monitors the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere, Wallops Flight Facility is unique because of the diversity of ozone measurements employed and the scope of its supporting research activities. Total atmospheric ozone is measured daily using a Dobson dual-beam spectrophotometer, the accepted standard in ozone measurement. Ozone concentrations as a function of altitude are measured routinely biweekly using balloon-borne ozonesondes that provide profiles to 30 km-35 km. In addition, rocket-borne optical payloads provide ozone data from 55 km down to 15 km-20 km. In addition to these routine measurements, Wallops is * evaluating and improving the performance of ozone sensors * Calibration of ozonesondes against an ultraviolet absorption standard * Studies of the effects of low pressure and temperature on the accuracy of sondes. GSFC2.4 Biological and Optical Oceanography The objectives of this laboratory, airborne, and satellite research are to develop methods for * accurately measuring the inherent and apparent optical properties of the ocean * inferring biological and geochemical constituents from the optical properties * using surface layer constituent maps to understand the marine biosphere, global biogeochemical cycles, and climate variability * investigation of the interactions between physical and biological processes * comparison studies of products from OCTS, POLDER, MOS, SeaWIFS, and MODIS. Prime considerations include * the role of marine primary production and dissolved/particulate organic matter in the global carbon budget and the couplings between physical and biological processes Current research focuses on * the analysis of satellite Seastar/SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor) data * preparations for MODIS * development of new instruments and techniques for making in situ measurements and for calibrating optical instruments * use of Airborne Oceanographic Lidar and Ocean Data-Acquisition System data to estimate phytoplankton and organic matter distributions and their variability on local to global time scales. Global, basin, and regional time-series data are used for * investigating the coupling between physical and biological processes in time scales of days to years We use laboratory and airborne programs to * develop new active (laser) and passive (solar) remote-sensing techniques for measuring oceanic optical properties and inferring corresponding constituents Potential research areas include * ship- and ground-based laboratory sample analysis * optical sensor design, calibration, and deployment * oceanic radiance modeling and algorithm development; ocean ecosystem modeling * primary productivity modeling. GSFC2.5 Early Results from TRMM Research centered around new TRMM data is proceeding along many different paths. During the hurricane season, TRMM data was used to * gain new insight into strengthening of tropical cyclones Super typhoon Paka was observed soon after the TRMM launch. Strong convective bursts in the hurricane eyewall appear to be well correlated with future intensification. Latent heating distributions derived from SSM/I observations of Hurricane Andrew show an increase in mid- and upper-tropospheric heating rates in the inner core of the storm as it undergoes a period of moderate intensification. * Apply algorithms to the TRMM Microwave Imager to provide better results due to higher spatial resolution. GSFC2.6 Enhanced Impact of NASA Scatterometer Data on Weather Analysis and Forecasting * Conduct research to improve the impact of the NSCAT data in the Northern Hemisphere * incorporate methodology into the evolving GEOS-2 DAS to treat the asynoptic (nonsynchronous) nature of the data The results obtained from data impact experiments with the GEOS-2 DAS are particularly noteworthy in that the Control forecasts (without NSCAT data) are very much improved over those with GEOS-1, yet the impact of NSCAT data is increased. While the impact of NSCAT is still much larger in the Southern Hemisphere, a discernable improvement in the more data dense Northern Hemisphere forecast accuracy was obtained for the first time. This demonstrates both the value of scatterometer winds, as well as the importance of treating satellite data asynoptically. GSFC2.7 Evolution and Impact of Contrail Cirrus from Airborne Remote Sensing Contrail cirrus is the special type of cirrus that forms as a result of aircraft emissions. * Research on whether contrail cirrus could be a factor in anthropogenic climate modification. The influence of contrail cirrus on climate depend on whether the effect of aircraft has been to change the radiative forcing - determined by cloud amount, distribution and microphysics - of the cirrus that would have been naturally occurring in the absence of the aircraft influence. As part of the SUCCESS (SUbsonic aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study), the NASA ER-2 aircraft was employed specifically for remote sensing of cirrus and contrail cirrus in order to answer questions on possible global climatic impacts. GSFC2.8 Geodynamics * Research on the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth based primarily on satellite data, including precise geodetic positioning, altimetry and imagery. GSFC2.9 Geomagnetic Field * Research centers on the description and explanation of the main geomagnetic field, its secular change, and its anomalies, especially using satellite magnetic data. GSFC2.10 Global Ocean-Atmosphere Land-Ice Interaction Ongoing work consists of * studies of the coupled dynamics of ocean-atmosphere-land-surface and sea ice through coupled numerical models. The goal of this work is to develop an understanding of the energetics and physics of such phenomena as the El ñ/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), land surface interactions with the hydrologic cycle, and ocean-ice coupling on interannual to interdecadal timescales. We are particularly interested in * the dynamics of natural climate variations, and how they influence the observability or detectability of externally (anthropogenically) forced climate change. * Develop techniques to predict El Niño events through coupled general circulation models (GCMs) * theoretical, numerical, or observational studies related to the El Niño events through coupled GCMs. Also included are * examinations of ocean dynamics * assimilation of wind and altimetry data in numerical models * studies of chaotic evolution of the ocean-atmosphere system * modeling of biological and chemical processes Facilities include large supercomputing resources, access to advanced parallel processing machines, and powerful graphics workstations. GSFC2.11 Global Ocean Circulation This program consists of * studies of ocean processes in order to understand global ocean circulation, its role in the total Earth system, and its impact on climate. Data and numerical models are used to * study the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere * develop methodologies for effective utilization of remotely sensed data, especially altimeter, scatterometer, and advanced very-high resolution radiometer infrared data, in studies of ocean processes These studies also support existing missions, such as TOPEX, NSCAT, ERS-1/2, SeaWiFS, and TRMM, and aid in the development of future remote-measurement programs. GSFC2.12 Global Warming Estimation from MSU * Microwave radiometer observations from space have the potential to monitor global temperature and its long-term variation. This is strongly due to the ability of the microwave radiometers to see through clouds in the atmosphere. Spencer and Christy (1990) pointed out for the first time that the observations made by the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) radiometer in Ch 2 (53.74 GHz) has the ability to monitor the global temperature. Thus, the MSU data taken from the NOAA operational satellite series from 1979 constitutes the basis for these studies. However, because of different MSU instruments that were flown on successive satellites, we run into problems while developing a continuous time series of Ch 2 data. The problems are largely systematic in nature and can be removed by careful analysis. GSFC2.13 Hydrological Sciences The Earth is unique in the solar system because its global mean temperature is near that of the triple point of water, and water is also abundant on its surface. This leads to a vigorous hydrological cycle that is critical to energy exchanges between the land, atmosphere, and ocean and to global chemical and erosional changes, as well as to life itself. Paradoxically, many components of the hydrological cycle are not well-known globally from conventional observations. This research opportunity involves * the definition, development, execution, and interpretation of experiments designed to observe and model hydrologic processes occurring on all scales, particularly over land areas. Variables observed include radiation, precipitation, albedo, surface temperature, soil moisture, vegetation cover, and snow status. These are then related to the fluxes and stores in the hydrological cycle, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff and further related to other global processes such as climate or biogeochemistry. Research is conducted to * increase understanding of the physics of these processes and their associated boundary phenomena in order to establish a basis for future advances in our ability to monitor, model, predict, and assess environmental impacts of changes in the hydrosphere. * Experiments to demonstrate the utility of measurements made with spaceborne and airborne visible optical, infrared, and microwave sensors with respect to these hydrological processes are performed and the results incorporated into hydrological models. GSFC2.14 Improving Global Data Sets Using TRMM and SSM/I-Derived Rainfall and Moisture Observation We have developed a procedure to * assimilate TRMM and SSM/I-derived rain rate and total precipitable water (TPW) estimate into the GEOS DAS. We found that using these data is very effective in improving the hydrological cycle and atmospheric energetics in the global analysis. GSFC2.15 Interannual Trends and Variability of East Coast Aerosol Every year, the summer months bring hazy conditions to the United States eastern seaboard. * Modeling efforts show that the high aerosol loadings that create the haze may contribute to the radiative forcing of climate. These modeling studies assume that the aerosol consists mainly of sulfate particles that are formed from industrially emitted SO2 gas. However recent observational evidence suggests that much of the aerosol consists of organics which may be of natural, biogenic origin. * If the aerosol particles are organics and not sulfates, how much of the optical thickness and subsequent radiative forcing is natural and how much is human-induced? GSFC2.16 Laser Remote-Sensing Technology * Research and development tasks are available in the application of laser remote-sensing instruments to measure terrain, vegetation, ocean, cloud, and aerosol backscatter. GSFC2.17 Mesoscale Processes One of this century's great achievements in oceanography has been the realization that the most energetic oceanic motions are confined to time and horizontal space scales of many days to a few months, and 50-200 km, respectively. Known as the mesoscale, these scales are the oceanic analog of atmospheric weather. Because of their transient, energetic character, mesoscale eddies are the primary cause of the redistribution of mass, heat, and momentum in the ocean. Since these budgets are important agents for global change, we need to thoroughly understand the dynamics of oceanic mesoscale processes. * Research to study mesoscale processes using * numerical (vortex, particle-in-cell, and primitive equation models) * analytical (rotating modon solutions, quasi-geostrophic expansions, and chaos and inverse scattering theory) * remote- sensing (AVHRR, CZCS, and TOPEX) techniques We collaborate with scientists at the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, DC), Old Dominion University (Norfolk, Virginia), University of Miami (Miami, Florida), and Istituto di Fisica Generale (Torino, Italy). GSFC2.18 Meteorological Instrumentation Research and Technological Studies Research focuses on * improving and applying in situ meteorological instrumentation, which includes balloon- and rocket-borne instruments. Emphases are placed on * improving atmospheric temperature and relative humidity instrumentation * enhancing the currently available sensors for tropospheric and stratospheric research in the stratosphere and mesosphere study of density, temperature, and wind data up to 90 kilometers and their relationship to atmospheric neutral dynamics and electrodynamics. Specific tasks will include * improving upper- atmosphere measurement precision and accuracy Atmospheric trends and small-scale structure from both balloons and rockets are necessary studies linked to instrument accuracy and precision. Involvement in the NASA three-thermistor radiosonde requires the application of radiative transfer. Additional research involves * analyzing satellite and in situ temperature and precipitable water information under different environmental conditions * integrating Global Positioning System technology into a radiosonde instrument to obtain highly accurate height and wind data along with standard meteorological data. GSFC2.19 Microwave Remote Sensing Research is conducted to develop * new techniques for active and passive microwave remote sensing of the environment. Subjects of current interest include * scattering from rough surfaces and propagation through random media to improve our understanding of techniques for remote sensing of the ocean surface, precipitation, and vegetation. Research is also being conducted on * aperture synthesis techniques to develop high-resolution microwave radiometers in space. * radiation from lightning to help understand lightning's relationship to severe storms. These programs are designed to define new sensor techniques for application in space and consist of combinations of theoretical and experimental work. GSFC2.20 Microwave Remote Sensing Applications to Hydrology The Hydrological Sciences Branch has several research opportunities that involve using microwave remote sensing to hydrology, including both passive systems and synthetic aperture radar. The data sources include truck systems, aircraft experiments, and satellites. Two principal research areas would consist of * determining soil moisture and applying it to hydrological problems and models * investigating how these data may be used to improve hydrologic models. GSFC2.21 Microwave Remote Sensing of Geophysical Parameters Research centers on understanding the effects of geophysical parameters such as water vapor, precipitation, soil moisture, and vegetation on microwave emission. The goal of this research is to * develop algorithms to retrieve these parameters for geophysical applications * support other government agencies in applying these techniques to their needs. Measurements are mostly conducted with aircraft platforms at a frequency range of 10 GHz-385 GHz. Additional research includes using the Shuttle Imaging Radar program and associated airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements to study microwave backscatter dependence on soil moisture and vegetation. There are also opportunities for * theoretical studies, data analysis from spaceborne sensors, and participation in airborne experiments. GSFC2.22 Modeling of the Global Hydrological Cycle The Hydrological Sciences Branch conducts modeling studies of the global hydrological cycle. Research opportunities exist to * develop and improve land surface parameterizations for atmospheric general circulation models, particularly those parameterizations that address subgrid heterogeneity in soil moisture, runoff production, and other surface processes. Through collaboration in an interdisciplinary project, a coupled climate model (consisting of an atmospheric general circulation model, an ocean circulation model, and a land surface hydrology model) is available for studies of global hydrological processes and their temporal variability. GSFC2.23 Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction At the Wallops Flight Facility, we are conducting research on various aspects of air-sea interaction processes. Major interests are in the following areas * developing or improving remote-sensing techniques * investigating basic physical processes * modeling Laboratory experiments are conducted in the Rain-Sea Interaction Facility (http://bliven2.wff.nasa.gov) while field experiments are conducted using the airborne Radar Ocean Wave Spectrometer (http:// osb1.wff.nasa.gov/rows/rowshome.html). Our research focuses on * improving the interpretation of satellite data sets that are used to infer oceanic winds, rains, waves, and sea-surface topography Proposals should relate to satellite projects such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, the TOPEX altimeter, and the NASCAT scatterometer. GSFC2.24 Oceans and Ice Research The work involves the * development, execution, and interpretation of experiments designed to observe the structure, composition, biogeochemistry, energetics, dynamics, and radiative properties of oceans and other large bodies of water, floating ice, and ice sheets with emphasis on their relationship to the past, present, and future global weather and climate * Applications and demonstrations of the utility of the measurements made with space-related optical, infrared, and microwave techniques with respect to the foregoing processes are performed. * observations of cryospheric and oceanic processes * modeling and data analysis to increase understanding of the physics of these processes and their associated boundary phenomena. GSFC2.25 Parameterization of Coupled Hydrologic/Atmospheric Modeling and Land Surface Processes Research focuses on * large-scale (regional to mesoscale) analysis using MM5/PLACE, a coupled hydrologic-atmospheric simulation model developed at GSFC. * the role of large-scale land surface processes in land-atmosphere exchanges, including the effects of soil and vegetation heterogeneity * the incorporation of satellite remotely sensed data into simulation models * development of inverse techniques to estimate land surface properties using satellite imagery such as fractional cover and roughness. GSFC2.26 Physical Oceanography Proposals are invited for both * theoretical and experimental studies in the dynamics of the ocean surface and the upper ocean layer. Wallops Flight Facility has a unique wind, wave, and current tank that is used to * study the dynamics and the statistical properties of a water surface The statistical characteristics of the surface and various dynamical quantities in the upper ocean layer are measured in the wave tank by controlling various dynamical processes that affect surface geometry such as pre-existing waves, turbulence in the upper layer, and momentum exchange at the air- sea interface. At this time, our specific interests include * the joint probability density function for a wideband non-Gaussian sea wavelet transform of nonstationary time series and the nonlinear evolution of the wave spectrum under realistic environmental conditions * wave breaking process * wave-current, wave-turbulence interactions We are also interested in * analyzing a 9-year global sea-surface temperature data set, based on a combination of infrared and microwave radiometric data sets * wavelet analysis of satellite images (microwave, infrared, and ocean color) for coastal monitoring. GSFC2.27 Polar Oceanography and Glaciology The research of this group centers on understanding the dynamics and thermodynamics of the ice and snow masses of the Earth (the cryosphere) and the interactions of the cryosphere with the Earth's atmosphere and ocean. The aims are to * develop and utilize space observations of the ice cover, ice motion, ice elevation, ice type, and other geophysical parameters for studying the polar environment. The objective of this program is to * investigate the application of optical, active and passive microwave, and laser technology to the measurement and understanding of various hydrospheric phenomena. * Plan, execute, and perform unique oceanographic, hydrologic, and topographic mapping experiments. GSFC2.28 Remote Sensing of Lightning and its Impact on Meteorology We are conducting * research on very-low-frequency radio emission from lightning to map the large-scale distribution of severe weather Investigations are also in progress on * the electromagnetic properties of lightning-generated radio noise These programs are designed to * define new applications of remotely sensed data and to facilitate the design of new spaceborne instrumentation The research consists of combinations of theoretical and experimental work in atmospheric physics and meteorology. GSFC2.29 Research in Earth Sciences The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), located on the Columbia University campus in New York City, conducts a broad program of research in Earth sciences in support of NASA- programs by working cooperatively with New York area universities and research organizations. Current specific areas of research include: * Climate, involving basic research on the nature of climate change, climatic processes, climate modeling and climate impacts * Earth Observations (satellite and in situ), participating in the definition of observation needs for the future and analyzing data on the Earth's surface, the biosphere, atmosphere, aerosols, and especially, global cloudiness, * Planetary Atmospheres, including both observations and modeling. GSFC2.30 Geospheric Plasma Energization and Transport Earth's ionospheric plasma is now known to be transported far beyond the traditional plasmasphere so that a new "Geosphere" had to be defined, extending outward to include the entire region of space where the ionospheric plasma density exceeds the solar wind plasma. Research on this region begins in the topside ionosphere, where sounding rockets and low orbiters (and IMAGE in the future) are used to diagnose plasma heating processes responsible for enhanced ionospheric outflows. At altitudes near 1 Earth radius, the Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment and Hydra on the POLAR spacecraft provides rich sources of data on the intermediate heating and flow of ionospheric plasmas. With its plasma source instrument to limit the spacecraft floating potential, TIDE provides observations of ionospheric outflows up to the 9 RE apogee of POLAR. These same outflows can be traced to the plasma sheet boundary layer by other ISTP spacecraft and instruments, where they feed plasma into the neutral sheet acceleration region. To complement these studies, we explore the behavior of geospheric plasmas through simulations using single particle trajectory tracing and kinetic modeling. * Opportunities exist to develop new instruments, analyze existing data, and conduct modeling experiments. GSFC2.31 Neutral Atom Imaging and Analysis Techniques * Develop measurement and analysis techniques for the IMAGE mission, which will support the remote sensing and imaging of plasma heating regions, as well as remote sensing of plasma structures and the aurora. This capability will provide global knowledge of the state and evolution of magnetospheric plasmas on time scales of a few minutes, compared with previous in situ measurement campaigns, which required months or years to acquire a similar global knowledge. Measurement emphasis is placed on the energy range below 1 keV. * Develop image simulation and inversion procedures for neutral atom imaging across the entire energy range of the magnetosphere. * study magnetospheric structure and dynamics. GSFC2.32 University Class Projects Office * The University Class Projects Office provides mission management for the University Class Explorer (UNEX) and the University Class Earth System Science (UnESS) missions. GSFC2.33 NASA Science Aircraft * The NASA Science aircraft provide a cost-effective way to make atmospheric and geoscience observations worldwide, and serve as a technology test bed for the development of earth science satellite instrumentation. science aircraft offer flight duration of up to eight hours, flight range up to 3000 nautical miles, at a flight altitude of up to 18,000 feet. The scientific aircraft includes a P-3B Orion aircraft, and C- 130 Hercules aircraft. GSFC2.34 NASA Sounding Rocket Program * The NASA Sounding Rocket Program is a suborbital space flight program that has historically supported space and earth sciences research activities sponsored by NASA, and presently provides suborbital spacecraft and launch services support to the scientific community. The program has yielded numerous important scientific findings and has provided the proving ground for the development of a variety of satellite instrumentation. These missions also provide hands on training for new scientists through the graduate study programs of educational institutions that participate in the program. GSFC2.35 NASA Balloon Program * The NASA Balloon Program is a suborbital flight program that provides a cost-effective way to make scientific observations in the near-space environment. Balloons frequently offer the only viable flight opportunity for large instruments, cost constrained experiments, or in the absence of other suitable vehicles. Balloons recently have had a 95% launch vehicle success rate. Major new area of research involves Ultra-long Duration Ballooning including new material development and subsystem development to provide science mission capabilities lasting 100 days. The Balloon Program also sponsors and conducts research into the development of balloon systems. Areas of research include thin-film and composite materials, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, structural analysis, balloon vehicles, communication systems, power systems, and other payload support systems. GSFC2.36 Vegetation and Soil Science * Space-based remote-sensing capabilities are developed and utilized to determine the physical and biological properties of the Earth's surface and their time dependent behavior. Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL2.1 Active Remote Sensing and Radar Technology - radar, optical, and sonar technologies Synthetic aperture radar, radar sounder, scatterometer, altimeter, and meteorological radar including cloud and rain radar; advancement of antenna, radar electronics, radar system concepts, and radar data processing techniques; synthetic aperture radar, radar sounder, scatterometer, altimeter, and meteorological radar including cloud and rain radar. JPL2.2 Active Remote Sensing and Radar Technology - Antenna Technologies Development of lightweight, low cost, high reliability, deployable antenna apertures and structures; advanced radar electronics including development of low cost, lightweight, power efficient radar components. JPL2.3 Active Remote Sensing and Radar Technology - Radar Hardware Technology Development of innovative new system architectures which enable new measurement techniques and smaller, lower cost instruments; radar technology including developing new mission concepts and data processing techniques JPL2.4 Active Remote Sensing and Radar Technology - Active Optical Remote Sensing Atmospheric science measurements and laser ranging applications. Lidar techniques for profiling of aerosol and cloud backscatter; stratospheric ozone mixing ratio. measurement of atmospheric wind fields using coherent Doppler lidar from surface-based, airborne, and spaceborne platforms. JPL2.5 Active Remote Sensing and Radar Technology - Sonar Technology Development of advanced sonar data processing techniques. Johnson Space Center JSC2.1 Earth Observations Database The NASA Space Shuttle Earth Observations Database is a valuable source of data for research of Earth's recent environmental history, and thus for assessment of the human impact on global Earth processes. This data source has the longest length on record of any space derived global change database. Kennedy Space Center KSC2.1 Ecology Research at Kennedy Space Center in the ecological sciences includes use of remote sensing/geographic information system evaluation of land use land cover changes associated with the understanding and modeling of ecosystem processes associated with long term sustainability of biological diversity. Specific studies include the role of wildfire in ecosystem dynamics and the development of remote sensing tools and predictive models for evaluating risk and management of these natural hazards, in situ evaluation of the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on Florida scrub oak cosystem processes and the ecological dynamics of the estuarine/coastal upland interface as affected by land cover land use change( areas of investigation include coastal wetland management effects on land cover dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, fisheries and wildlife habitat dynamics). Langley Research Center LaRC2.1 Climate Research Program Theoretical studies, laboratory measurements, and field investigations are being performed to * determine the radiative properties of natural and man-made aerosols and to assess the impact of these aerosols on regional and global climate These endeavors include * theoretical studies of the role played by clouds in the Earth's radiation balance * remote and in-situ observations of cloud properties and radiation balance components. LaRC2.2 Tropospheric Chemistry Research Program This program conducts research to * assess and understand human impact on the regional-to-global-scale troposphere * define chemical and physical processes governing the global geochemical cycles from empirical and analytical modeling studies, laboratory measurements, technology developments, and field measurements * exploit unique and critical roles that space observations can provide. LaRC2.3 Upper Atmosphere Research Program This program focuses on increasing our understanding of the Earth's middle atmosphere and using that understanding to provide a sound scientific basis for environmental policy decisions. The coordinated program involves * formulating and implementing new instrument concepts to obtain atmospheric observations * laboratory measurements * theoretical modeling * data analysis and interpretation LaRC2.4 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) * Analysis of ERBE measurements from instruments on three satellites provides data on the Earth's radiation budget for assessing climatic impact of human activities and natural phenomena as well as promoting a better understanding of all climatic parameters, in particular, the radiation budget components on a global scale. LaRC2.5 Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) * Analysis and interpretation of measurements from this experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite improves understanding of stratospheric ozone depletion, particularly the impact of chloro-fluoromethanes on ozone, by analyzing global vertical profile data of O3, HCl, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2, and HF. LaRC2.6 Global Biogeochemical Cycling Theoretical and field investigations of the biogeochemical cycling of atmospheric gases are performed, with particular emphasis on * the global budgets of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide to better understand global change Field measurements include * studies of biogenic emissions of atmospheric gases from the soil and oceans and gases produced and released to the atmosphere during biomass burning, that is, the burning of the world's forests and grasslands. Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC2.1 Remote Sensing of Clouds, Precipitation, and Temperature The objective of this research is to utilize space-based remote-sensing instrumentation to better understand the Earth's hydrologic and energy cycles. Particular emphasis is placed on * seasonal to interannual variability * global and regional hydrologic processes and parameters * severe storms * lightning * rainfall * precipitation efficiency Providing the basis for this research are satellite remote-sensing data, prototype aircraft and ground-based instrumentation, and numerical forecast models. Additional use is made of multisensor data fusion, data assimilation, and geographic information systems. Theoretical radiative transfer models are used to simulate current and future sensors for signal verification and future satellite instrument applications. This topic directly affects future space-based instruments such as OTD, LIS, AMSR, and GOES lightning mapper. MSFC2.2 Diagnostics and Modeling of the Hydrologic Cycle Much of the complexity in weather and climate is the result of the presence on our planet of water in all three phases. Evapotranspiration from the Earth's surface and condensation results as clouds and rain link the atmosphere, land, and ocean on a variety of different time and space scales. Research areas are available on both observational analyses and numerical modeling at the Global Hydrology and Climate Center. Investigations on the variability of tropical energy and water balance use a growing suite of global, space-based observations to examine the effect of sea-surface temperature anomalies on changing rainfall patterns, the tropical radiative balance, and heat transport to higher latitudes. We are interested in * the nature and role of deep and shallow convective processes in vertical heat and moisture transport, and subsequent impacts on planetary radiative balance. Related investigations with a global climate model involve idealized numerical experiments to study links between droughts, excessive rainfall periods, and surface energy balance anomalies. These studies examine prospects for improved predictability of short-term (seasonal to interannual) climate variations. Regional scale (basin to continental) modeling experiments focus on improving the understanding and predictability at the "human" scale. Topics of interest include * assimilation of satellite-derived surface temperature tendency and radar rainfall rates * simulation of soil moisture impacts on convective rainfall organization * simulation of local responses to droughts and precipitation anomalies MSFC2.3 Development of Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar Components and Systems An opportunity exists to conduct research in support of a space-based coherent Doppler wind lidar (laser radar), which is capable of measuring tropospheric winds on a global basis. Potential research areas include * heterodyne detection investigations that involve theoretical studies and laboratory measurements in the areas of optimum use of fiber optics * effects of detector size, nonlinearity, and non-shot-noise dominated operation * detector characterization to allow precise operational performance prediction * optical subsystem investigations in the areas of polarization effects on performance * optimum design techniques to minimize polarization degradation * the use of diffractive optics for scanning, beam expansion, and local oscillator beam generation * coherent lidar autonomous operation and alignment maintenance techniques A ground-based lidar system, several lasers, and several detectors may be available for research. MSFC2.4 Doppler Lidar, Space-Based Research An opportunity exists to conduct research in support of the development and simulated performance of a space-based coherent Doppler lidar, which is capable of measuring global tropospheric winds from a low-Earth orbit. This instrument is a prospective part of the mission to planet Earth, a major long-term Earth science initiative of NASA. Potential research areas include * analysis of tropospheric aerosol measurements collected by in-house lidars and by instruments operated in cooperation with other institutions (data include measurement sets obtained during several field programs, as well as satellite-derived, aerosol-surrogate measurement sets) * determination of spectrally dependent properties of naturally occurring and artificially generated aerosol particulates * issues of instrument performance and data representativeness, including such topics as optimum signal-processing techniques under marginal signal conditions, height assignment of velocity in the presence of aerosol inhomogeneities, optimum approaches to derivation of horizontal wind profiles, and instrument calibration using natural surfaces Several of these research areas may be pursued using in-house coherent pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler lidar facilities, as well as a world-class airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar facility. The possibility also exists to pursue the above research areas through carefully conceived and executed field experiments. An additional opportunity exists to * use the airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar to understand Earth-system processes at scales between 1 km and 300 km. This lidar is capable of remotely measuring the multidimensional distribution of wind and aerosols in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Emphasis is placed on understanding processes and scale interactions relevant to global change, the hydrologic cycle, land-atmosphere interactions, the severe storm environment, hurricane dynamics, and aerosols. Additional use may be made of satellite remote-sensing data, other aircraft instrumentation, and ground truth data. Opportunities exist to plan and execute airborne experiments. MSFC2.5 Urbanization and Climate Impacts Urbanization is one of the most profound examples of human modification of the Earth. The impact of urbanization extends far beyond the city and has impacts of regional proportions. One of the components that makes the city environment unique from its rural counterpart is the climate that prevails over urban areas. Alteration of the landscape through urbanization involves the transformation of the radiative, moisture, and aerodynamic characteristics that displace the natural channeling of energy through the solar and hydrologic systems. Although large-scale atmospheric and climatic phenomena are global in scope, urban areas cannot be viewed in isolation because the local environment modifies the conditions in the thin air above the ground-generally referred to as the atmospheric boundary layer. As humans alter the character of the natural landscape in the city-building process, they affect and impact local energy exchanges that take place within the atmospheric boundary layer. The end result from modification of the landscape influences the local (microscale), mesoscale, and (potentially even larger scale) climate. The objective of this research is to provide scientific understanding of the importance of urbanization as a forcing function in local, regional, and possibly global climate interactions. Our primary goals are * to investigate and model the relationship between city growth, land cover change, and the development of the urban heat island through time at nested spatial scales from local to regional * to investigate and model the relationship between city growth and land cover change on air quality through time at nested spatial scales from local to regional * to model the overall effects of urban development on surface energy budgets across the city landscape through time at nested spatial scales from local to regional An important part of this research is a better scientific understanding of how land cover changes associated with urbanization-principally in transforming forest lands to urban land covers through time-has and will effect local and regional climate, surface energy flux, and air quality characteristics. These goals are addressed through rigorous numerical modeling schemes that rely on remote-sensing data obtained from satellites and aircraft, and from hydrometeorological and air quality data. The results will be used to quantify how changes in land covers and the attendant alterations in surface energy fluxes that accompany these changes synergistically interact to modify the local and regional climate and air quality in urban areas. MSFC2.6 Archaeological/Geological Predictive Modeling Remotely sensed imagery and GIS data can be used to detect anomalies in the surface cover that are representative of prehistoric cultural remains and geologic features. Research possibilities include * Using sophisticated computer-analysis techniques to extract archeological/geological phenomena from the nonvisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum * Combine remotely sensed and ancillary information into a data base and develop accurate predictive models to isolate potential locations of prehistoric activity and the subsequent effects on the surrounding landscape This information is used to address issues in human settlement, environmental interaction, and global change. Various cultures representing diverse environmental conditions are being examined to determine the spectral and spatial characteristics required for archeological/geological features detection. Stennis Space Center SSC2.1 Commercial Remote Sensing Stennis is NASA's Lead Center for Commercial Remote Sensing within NASA's Earth Science Enterprise. Personnel work with industry partners to help them apply remote sensing technology to expand business opportunities and develop new products and services. This developing business has the potential to become a multibillion-dollar industry. The objective is to increase U.S. economic competitiveness in world markets and to provide NASA with a commercial source for scientific data. NASA's Commercial Remote Sensing Program uses remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems and related technologies. Particular areas of emphasis at this time in commercial application development are in agriculture, wetlands and transportation. SSC2.2 Earth Science Research Applications Among the activities that will be conducted in this program as NASA's lead center for Earth Science Research Applications is the selection of relevant research and the validation and verification of remote sensing data acquired from a range of sensors that may lead to successful applications in four theme areas: * Environmental Quality which covers both air and water quality, and the effect of natural and man-made changes in the landscape on the environment. * Resource Management including natural resource as well as renewable economic resources such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. * Community Development focusing on land use, transportation, infrastructure, cultural and recreational resources, and issues of quality of life in our communities. * Disaster Management which encompasses natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, sever weather and floods, as well as ecological issues related to the health of human, plant and animal communities. SSC2.3 Coastal Remote Sensing Research * Archeological/Anthropological Predictive Modeling Remotely sensed satellite and airborne data, including radar images, can be used to detect anomalies in the surface cover that are representative of prehistoric cultural remains. Sophisticated computer-analysis techniques have been developed to extract archeological/anthropological phenomena from the non-visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. By combining remotely sensed and ancillary information into a data base, accurate predictive models can be developed to isolate potential locations of prehistoric activity. Contributions to the development and testing of paleoecological models of climate change are emphasized, utilizing data and methods from multidisciplinary approaches. Research focuses on coastal and estuarine regions. * Remote Sensing in Biological Oceanography The general goals of this research are to develop remote-sensing techniques, to evaluate their utility in order to improve our understanding of the behavior of oceans, and to assist users with the implementation of operational systems. Specific goals include improving our capability to measure the primary productivity of oceans, their variability, and how they influence the marine food chain and global CO2 and biogeochemical cycles. We are also interested in improving our capability to determine phytoplankton abundance and primary productivity based on remotely sensed data acquired by spacecraft and aircraft. Primary measurements include ocean color from multispectral scanners and imaging spectrometers; and sea-surface temperature from thermal scanners on aircraft, the advanced very-high resolution radiometer, and other sensors planned for spacecraft. Algorithm development to model marine productivity on global scales through remote sensing will be necessary. * Remote Sensing in Plant Physiological Ecology A major goal of this research is to use remote sensing to monitor and model plant stress and carbon assimilation in terrestrial ecosystems. We have studied leaf and canopy reflectance responses to a variety of environmental conditions that reduce plant growth, and we are developing optimal techniques for estimating plant photosynthetic capacity by remote sensing. Research has involved numerous plant species to determine the narrow spectral bands in which reflectance is most responsive to a variety of growth-inhibiting environmental factors. These efforts focus on ecosystems of the Gulf Coast and Coastal Plain. We are also interested in basic biophysical influences on leaf radiative properties, solar-excited leaf fluorescence as an indicator of stress or photosynthetic capacity, and applications that involve the remote sensing of forest damage. * Remote Sensing Technology The design and development of low-cost alternatives for multispectral imaging of earth processes especially those related to coastal environments. Design and coding in innovative image processing tools related to earth system science such as data visualization, archiving, and feature extraction. Enterprise 3 Human Exploration and Development of Space NASA HQ Contacts: Ms. Alotta Taylor (Space Flight) ataylor@hq.nasa.gov (202) 358-2534 Ms. Debra Spears (Microgravity) dspears@hq.nasa.gov (202) 358-1952 The mission of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) Enterprise is to open the space frontier by exploring, using and enabling the development of space and to expand the human experience into the far reaches of space. In exploring space, HEDS brings people and machines together to overcome the challenges of distance, time and environment. Robotic science missions survey and characterize other bodies as precursors to eventual human missions. In using space, HEDS emphasizes learning how to live and work there and utilize the resources and unique environment. In enabling the development of space, HEDS serves as a catalyst for commercial space development. Throughout, this Enterprise will employ breakthrough technologies and ingenious designs to revolutionize human space flight. These opportunities change periodically with Agency priorities. It is suggested that readers consult web resources for the most current information. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/heds/ HEDS1 Advanced Habitats and Habitation Systems LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: K.J. Kennedy kriss.j.kennedy@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-6629 The physiological and psychological interactions of habitat environment factors such as functional and spatial arrangement, color, patterns, temperature, gravity, and social interaction are being investigated to understand the long term affects on humans for remote and isolated operations for future long duration space missions on the Moon and Mars. The goal is understanding of architectural problems and thus solutions to enhance crew morale and productivity. The human built environment (architecture) has always influenced human emotion and perception of space. For this reason, research is needed to address the built environment in space flight and on the planetary surface. A holistic understanding of early exploration phases to expanded base growth leading to settlement is required. Knowledge of how humans live and work in space is essential for planning space missions and designing equipment. Research is needed on the impact of factors that affect crew performance internal and external of the habitats. The research area includes advanced habitation and construction technology to enable the Human Exploration and Development of Space Enterprise to meet the demanding environment of faster, better, cheaper. Research on architectural functional and spatial arrangement, color, patterns, temperature, gravity, and social interaction are being sought. Space and planetary habitation, pressure structures and unpressurized shelters are being sought out for innovative design solutions that combine high strength and lightweight materials, along with the reliability, durability, reparability, radiation protection, packaging efficiency and life-cycle cost effectiveness. Surface base design, development and evolution is being sought out. Advances in material developments and manufacturing techniques that enable the structure to "self-heal," and the emplacement, erection, deployment or manufacturing of habitats in space or on the Moon and Mars are considered enabling technologies for the evolution of humans into space and the eventual settlement on Mars. Integration of sensors, circuitry and automated components to enable self-deployment and "smart" structures are considered necessary to allow the habitat to operate autonomously. The objective is to create an advanced habitat that becomes a "living" structure that not only runs autonomously, but also has self-healing capability. A number of technologies and techniques have been proposed that allow the delivery of deployable habitats to space/planet surface or the manufacturing and construction of habitats in space/planet surface. Methods for underground development of habitable structures that meet human space flight requirements. Novel methods of extracting, processing and manufacturing in-situ planet (Moon and Mars) materials for autonomously developing structures that meet human space flight requirements. Novel methods and techniques for fully integrated skin and sensors/circuitry that enables "smart" structures that autonomously detect, analyze, and correct (repair) structural failure. Methods of integrating miniaturization technology into the habitat skin, thus reducing weight and increasing self-autonomy. HEDS2 Advanced Life Support Systems LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: D. L. Henninger dhennin1@ems.jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483 5034. Current research involves development of regenerative human life support systems for future long duration space missions. Such systems will consist of components that utilize both physicochemical and biological processes to perform the life support functions. Included in these functions are air revitalization, which includes carbon dioxide removal, oxygen generation, and trace gas contaminant control. Water recovery functions include urine treatment, hygiene water processing, and potable water polishing. Food production functions involve crop production using both hydroponics and solid substrate culturing systems as well as automated/robotic systems for plant production. Resource recovery from solid wastes involves such processes as incineration and pyrolysis, and degradation with bacterial bioreactors. Thermal control research areas include lightweight, high efficiency heat pumps and unique heat rejection devices to aid in room temperature heat rejection for advanced missions; theoretical studies and analysis techniques for advanced two phase thermal management systems; and automated monitoring and control, and fault detection methods for advanced two phase thermal management systems. Additionally, integration of these systems into a functioning regenerative life support system via highly automated control and monitoring systems is critical to current development efforts. Research opportunities exist in chemistry, physics, horticulture and plant physiology, soil science, water chemistry, and environmental, chemical, biological, mechanical, computer, and systems engineering disciplines. Opportunities exist for studies of dynamic computer analysis and simulation methodology for hybrid physicochemical and biological systems and development of mathematical models of candidate processes to be integrated into regenerative life-support systems. Additional information can be obtained at the world wide web site http://pet.jsc.nasa.gov/. HEDS3 In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Gerald B. Sanders gerald.b.sanders1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-9066 The concept of "living off the land" by utilizing the indigenous resources of the Moon, Mars, or other potential sites of robotic and human exploration is called In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The chief benefits of ISRU are that it can reduce both the cost and the risk of robotic and human exploration by decreasing Earth launch mass and by increasing self sufficiency and surface mobility. The research area includes: (1) collection, separation, and conditioning of in-situ atmospheric, soil/rock, and drilled resources; (2) manufacturing of propellants, fuel cell reagents, and life-support gases and water; (3) collection, liquefaction and/or compression, storage, and transfer of manufactured fluids; and, (4) sensors and software to enable autonomous control of ISRU resource and chemical processing activities. HEDS4 In-Situ Resources Utilization (ISRU) of Planetary Materials Lead Center: Johnson Space Center Significant benefits for future human missions to the Moon, Mars, and other planetary bodies may be attained by making maximum use of local, indigenous materials as a source for propellants, life support consumables, radiation protection, and construction materials. By pursuing the philosophy of "make what you need at the planet instead of bringing it all the way from Earth", in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) can result in reduction of mass requirements for the exploration mission, reduction in risk, and reduction in cost of the mission. It can also enable industrial and commercial participation in planetary exploration and expand human presence on the planet surface. One example of in-situ propellant production employs the hydrogen reduction process for extracting oxygen from lunar minerals and glass. In addition, a number of techniques have been proposed for extracting and storing oxygen from the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars. In general, these processes require a number of subsystems, each of which could benefit from innovative approaches and technology advances. It is also possible that water could be extracted from permafrost deposits located at shallow depths in some locations on Mars. Key goals are to minimize the mass that must be brought from the Earth (including the equipment required to move or process the material), minimize power consumption, be truly innovative, and use methods not already in the literature. Areas for investigation of specific methods and processes for in-situ resource utilization include the following: Surface Resources * Methods and systems for extracting, processing, and manufacturing in-situ materials that can be used for construction of habitable structures on the Moon or Mars. New methods for constructing buildings, radiation-shielding structures, and tunneling techniques are needed. Novel methods for underground development of habitable structures (perhaps using natural features such as caves or lava tubes) on the Moon or Mars are also needed. * Methods for processing surface materials into useful equipment (e.g., solar panels, radio antennas, replacement parts, etc.) which require no further manufacturing or assembly. * Methods and systems for digging, sorting, mineral separation, and transporting lunar regolith or other materials to a reactor. Such systems should be lightweight, efficient, and capable of operating with minimal human supervision. * Methods for extracting oxygen from lunar regolith that are power efficient and require a minimum of Earth-supplied reagents and consumables. Alternatives and improvements to previously-studied methods, such as reactors that expose lunar regolith to hydrogen gas at elevated temperature, are of interest. However, emphasis should be placed on innovative designs that minimize power requirements. * Microbial methods for extracting oxygen, decomposing water, and extracting solar wind hydrogen from soils (typically present on the Moon at 50 parts per million levels) from the Moon as an attractive alternate approach to propellant and consumable production. * Methods for extraction, collection and transportation (if required) of water that may be present on the surface or subsurface of Mars, which minimize power requirements, and equipment mass which must be brought from Earth. Proposals in this area should recognize the uncertainty and potential variability of both the location and abundance of such water. Atmospheric Resources * Methods to condense water vapor from the Mars atmosphere that are low mass or can be constructed from local materials with a minimum of equipment that must be brought from Earth. * Microbial methods for extracting oxygen from the Mars atmosphere, or for decomposing water. * Innovative processes and alternative approaches for extracting propellants and/or consumables including oxygen from the Mars atmosphere which have low power requirements and minimize the amount of equipment that must be brought from Earth. Processes currently being investigated include Sabatier/water-electrolysis reactor, reverse water gas shift reactor, and solid-oxide electrolysis (zirconia) cells. Oxygen extracted from the Mars atmosphere may be used for: production of propellant for transportation systems, production of oxygen for life support system gases, and production of cryogenics for extravehicular activity suits. Systems should be capable of operating autonomously, independent from continual Earth-based control. Current scenarios for Mars exploration envision the following production needs for ascent oxygen propellant to support a single mission: 1 to 2 metric tons (for Mars robotic missions) and 30 to 40 metric tons (for Mars human missions). HEDS5 Environmental and Bioregenerative Systems LEAD CENTER: Kennedy CONTACT: Gregg Buckingham Mail Code AB-G2 Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 Gregg.Buckingham-1@ksc.nasa.gov (407) 867-7952 Kennedy Space Center has met the unique challenges of operating a spaceport in the middle of a national wildlife refuge, as well as conducting critical research for the advancement of biological and environmental systems. Stewardship of the environment is an essential aspect of our mission. KSC's 140,000 acres coexist with the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and the Canaveral National Seashore and are home to more than 500 species of wildlife, including a number on threatened or endangered lists. We are partnering with federal and state agencies and commercial enterprises to develop and share technologies in the environmental arena. KSC also plays a significant role in the scientific advancement of biological systems for long- duration space flight. New technologies in lighting, nutrient delivery, microbial monitoring, closed-chamber construction and operation, and gas exchange evaluation are leading to future designs for space flight experiments. We also are supporting NASA's long-term evaluation of the effects of microgravity on plant systems. Our work in this area has led to important partnerships with industry and academia in advancing agricultural management and commercial product development. Since the 1970s, KSC has been a leader in nationally recognized environmental and biological research including: * Ecological Systems Monitoring * Life Sciences Payload Processing * Threatened and Endangered Species Protection * Bioregenerative Life Support Research * Habitat Management * Microbial Ecology * Automated Environmental Decision Support Systems * Microgravity Effects on Plant Metabolism * Ecosystem Management and Modeling * Development of Life Sciences Flight Experiments * Environmental Remediation * Remote-Sensing Applications HEDS6 Biotechnology and Bioprocessing LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Neal R. Pellis neal.r.pellis1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-2357 Microgravity can be used to facilitate the separation and synthesis of medically important biological materials, as well as to enhance the formation of tissue like aggregates in specially designed bioreactors. Theoretical and experimental projects are under way to improve cell culture techniques using normal and neoplastic cell types under microgravity conditions. HEDS7 Biotechnology Cell Science Program LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: S Gonda steven.gonda1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-8745 This program uses the microgravity environment to help us understand the biological processes and to develop the technology required to overcome gravity-based limitations in cell culture and tissue engineering. We have developed bioreactors for the culture of cells using well-controlled process parameters and reduced levels of hydrodynamic shear stress, which simulates the low- gravity conditions of space to the extent possible on Earth. Bioreactors suspend cells with minimal shear forces through rotation of the cylindrical, fluid-filled culture vessel. Mammalian cells cultured in this environment aggregate and grow into three-dimensional arrays, and the cultured cells display differentiation markers similar to those found in corresponding mammalian tissue. The advantage of these bioreactor systems is that tissue-like cell arrays are suspended in a well- mixed aqueous medium that facilitates nutrient transfer and dispersion of wastes, and also makes it possible to isolate potentially novel factors. Ground-based studies using the NASA bioreactors have demonstrated that both normal and neoplastic cells and tissues recreate many of the characteristics that they display in vivo. The Program has three major goals concerning mammalian tissues culture: (1) to accelerate the development of a three-dimensional tissue culture system using rotating-wall bioreactors, (2) to define and characterize mammalian cells and tissues that benefit from a low shear environment, and (3) to use the microgravity environment of space as necessary to surmount gravity-induced obstacles to the propagation of complex tissues. Current research areas include effects of reduced levels of mechanical and hydrodynamic shear; the effects of spatial co-location of participating cell populations; the role of mass transport on cellular propagation and tissue assembly; the effects of culture media (e.g., growth factors) on cellular metabolism and waste accumulation; the value of low shear and spatial co-location during culturing; the development of technologies (biosensors for pH, glucose, and oxygen); new tissue culturing methods and strategies; and research into mammalian, plant, and insect culture. HEDS8 Cardiovascular Research LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Janice Yelle janice.m.yelle1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 244-5405 For the most part, cardiovascular responses to weightlessness seem to be appropriate for the spaceflight environment. However, these responses leave astronauts ill-prepared for their return to Earth, when they have reduced circulating blood volume, reduced exercise capacity, and decreased orthostatic tolerance. Recent evidence has suggested that autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system is a major contributor to the problems experienced on landing day. Every autonomic response that has been measured before and after flight has been different from that of preflight or landing day. The tests include Valsalva maneuvers, stand tests, baroreflex function, beat-to-beat heart rate and arterial pressure dynamics, responses to lower body negative pressure, and catecholamine responses to orthostatic stress. We are using the above tests and others to study the mechanisms of the cardiovascular changes associated with spaceflight and to develop appropriate countermeasures. The research environments include spaceflight, parabolic flight, centrifuge facilities, and bed-rest studies. Work is performed at both JSC and nearby medical centers. HEDS9 Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: SM Schneider suzanne.m.schneider1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7213 Aerobic exercise capacity is decreased after bed rest or spaceflight. This decease is potentiated in the upright compared to the supine position, suggesting that at least part of the decrement is related to an orthostatic component. Research is in progress to study the mechanisms responsible for the declines in aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacities after spaceflight. A decline in aerobic exercise capacity could result in greater fatigue during long duration work tasks such as building a space station, and could limit the ability to perform high-intensity exercise countermeasures. Research focuses on identifying an effective exercise countermeasure prescription to maintain exercise capacity through an efficient combination of aerobic and resistive exercises. We also study combining exercise with exposure to lower body negative pressure as a method of improving the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in maintaining muscle and bone mass, and aerobic and anaerobic capacity. HEDS10 Cell Science and Immunology LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Clarence F. Sams clarence.sams1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7160 The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which spaceflight alters human physiology are poorly understood. Crew members experience immune system changes, muscle and bone loss, neurological alterations, and other changes in body systems. To optimally develop techniques that prevent or alleviate the deleterious effects of spaceflight, we must determine which cellular processes are altered by microgravity. JSC's Cell Science laboratories focus on the effects of microgravity on immune cell function both in vivo and in vitro. We also investigate the response of other types of cultured cells (e.g., bone cells and endothelial cells) to altered gravity environments. The laboratory is equipped for tissue culture and general biochemistry/molecular biology studies, and contains two flow cytometers, light/fluorescence microscopes, digital image systems, and a scanning electron microscope. Results from previous studies have indicated a depression of the immune system associated with spaceflight. Observations in our laboratories have demonstrated significant alterations in circulating lymphocyte populations following spaceflight. Functional studies are being initiated to investigate the effect of these alterations on immune competence. These studies will include the examination of T- and B-cell activity, accessory cell function, and changes in immunoregulatory factors and lymphocyte trafficking. In addition, a number of investigators have shown depressed in vitro mitogen activation of lymphocytes with spaceflight. Detailed studies of gravity effects on the cell-cell interactions, signal transduction pathways, and transcriptional changes involved in lymphocyte activation are under way to delineate the mechanisms that are altered in microgravity. These studies utilize hypergravity and simulated microgravity (clinostat) models to examine the effects of gravity at the cellular and molecular level. Understanding the role of gravity in signal transduction, transcription and translation of cellular proteins, and the cytoskeletal system will provide knowledge relevant to cellular proliferation, activation, movement, shape, adhesion, movement of organelles, and gene expression. Knowledge of gravity-induced alterations in these characteristics at a cellular level will provide a better understanding of the physiological effects observed in the various tissues and organs. HEDS11 Chronotherapeutics LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: L. Putcha lakshmi.putcha1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7760 Space travelers experience ultra-short day/night cycles as the shuttle orbits the Earth every 90 minutes. Medical records and personal communications by astronauts and cosmonauts suggest that sleep disruption is a common occurrence during flights. Extended mission duration and work demands often over-extend crew schedules during flights. Reports of fatigue-related performance decrements in shift workers and other sleep-deprived groups indicate that spaceflight crews may be subjected to similar decreased operational efficiency resulting from alterations in their work- rest efficiency. JSC's pharmacology research group evaluates methods for the assessment of sleep deficits and resulting decrements in work-time alertness and performance. Laboratory activities also focus on designing and developing ground-based and in-flight countermeasure strategies for improving sleep quality and health during spaceflight. Our goal is to generate information and identify ground-based models that can assist in the development of practical, appropriate, reliable, and effective intervention technologies and regiments that can augment health and well being to support sleep-work activity schedules of long duration flights and for a prolonged stay in the microgravity environment. Specific objectives of this investigation are to identify and characterize changes in the physiological and biochemical indices of circadian adjustments during spaceflights, and to develop and validate effective operational monitoring tools and countermeasures that will improve performance and maintain health of crew members during short and long duration missions. HEDS12 Environmental Physiology/Biophysics Research LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Michael Powell michael.r.powell1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483 5413 The physiological and biophysical interactions of environmental factors such as gas species and their partial pressures, temperature, gravity, decompression and barophysiology, and exercise are being investigated by the Environmental Physiology Laboratory. Experiments involving human subjects, primarily in the area of hypobaric barophysiology, and mathematical models of decompression are currently being pursued. The goal is to reduce the time impact of countermeasures (e.g., oxygen prebreathe) and develop monitoring equipment. HEDS13 Exercise Physiology LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Michael Greenisen michael.c.greenisen1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-3874 One objective is to refine currently available procedures for the measurement of very small changes in bone and muscle mass. Four major physical-measurement systems are being studied: single-axis gamma-ray absorptiometry, x-ray computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and low-level radioactive counting of activated calcium. Additional indices of acute change are identified through collaborative programs in endocrinology and biochemistry. The major emphasis is directed toward the quantification of bone mineral by computer tomography and selective rectilinear scanning techniques (oscalsis and lumbar spine). Trabecular bone shows changes in mineralization much faster than cortical bone. Selective rectilinear scanning has now been developed to determine the mineral distribution in a bone section based on measurements of the transmission of gamma rays from an isotope source using a precision scanning instrument. Whole-body x-ray CT scanning of the spine to determine density is now available. One aspect of the research effort will be to miniaturize the scanning instrument and computer for use on a space station. Magnetic resonance imaging is being used regularly to document the atrophy of the leg muscles in individuals exposed to microgravity and bed-rest simulations of microgravity. Advance-imaging techniques have been developed and are being used routinely. Measurements of changes in water content of the muscles of posture and ambulation are being made before and after periods of bed rest. High-energy phosphates are being measured in vivo and the changes in bone marrow content after bed rest are being followed. Computer enhancement of the images is under way using methods developed for Earth-observation satellites. NASA has available three different magnetic- imaging machines for use in advanced studies of muscle change. The objectives of this research are to refine current methods of measuring biochemical factors that influence the musculoskeletal system and to correlate these factors with musculoskeletal changes during bed rest and spaceflight with and without countermeasures. Specific subtasks include (1) quantifying biomechanical loads during exercise using methods that require minimal operating space in flight, (2) automating signal acquisition and processing methods, (3) performing stress analysis on the skeleton for the exercises measured using finite element analysis, (4) measuring musculoskeletal changes during bed rest and spaceflight, (5) refining techniques to measure changes in trabecular architecture and material properties using acoustic or magnetic resonance imaging methods, and (6) correlating these changes with the exercises and stresses during exercise countermeasures. The goal of the exercise countermeasure program is to maintain crew members' neuromuscular capability, systemic aerobic and anaerobic performance, skeletal muscle function, and bone integrity during spaceflight missions. Laboratories supporting this research contain comprehensive facilities in the areas of biomechanics, exercise physiology, neuromuscular, and hardware development. In addition, the design and development of spaceflight exercise equipment is a fundamental aspect of the exercise countermeasure program for both the space shuttle and space station. Operational and ground-based research is conducted. Operational research takes place during spaceflight missions, while ground-based research is performed in (1) laboratory settings, (2) underwater-thus attaining neutral buoyancy in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, and (3) on board NASA's KC 135 aircraft, where short duration zero gravity is achieved by flying parabolic maneuvers. HEDS14 Human Modeling in Virtual Environments LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: JC Maida james.c.maida1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-1113 The objective of virtual environment research at the Graphics Research and Analysis Facility is to develop a computer software system for use in the design and evaluation of complex space structures. Its special features include an immersive user interface, which will allow the graphics model of a structure to be perceived as a virtual environment; and the incorporation of anthropometrically correct graphics models of humans, which can be used to investigate human factors issues such as reachability, fit, and visibility in the virtual environment. By allowing a designed structure to be seen and evaluated "from the inside" at the beginning of the design cycle, long before it is feasible to build a mockup of the structure, the system will lead to earlier recognition of potential problems and make it easier to evaluate alternate designs, resulting in considerable savings in time and funds. HEDS15 Immune Responses to Space Flight LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Duane L. Pierson duane.1.pierson1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7166 The primary concern of the Space Microbiology Program is to ensure the health, safety, and productivity of astronauts. This requires careful diagnostic evaluation of astronauts and their environments before and after missions. Developing microbiological diagnostic technologies for use during a space mission is another important aspect of maintaining crew health and productivity. Microbial analysis of the air, surfaces, water, food, experimental animals, and payloads is included in the environmental assessment. The Microbiology Laboratory defines requirements, develops specifications, and evaluates candidate hardware in the areas of clinical and environmental microbiology for use on board manned space systems, including the space shuttle and space station programs. Intense research areas include developing simple, rapid, and direct methods to diagnose infectious diseases and to determine the effects of different microbial loads on human health in a closed system; investigating the effects of spaceflight on microbial population dynamics, structure, and function; pathogenicity; and susceptibility to antibiotics. In preparation for longer duration missions, vigorous research focuses on the effect of spaceflight and related factors on the human immune response, particularly the immunology of infectious diseases. Experimental and clinical studies will be used to investigate the effect of spaceflight on the three major arms of the immune system: cellular, humoral, and innate immunity. Specific areas of investigation include neutrophil and monocyte function (e.g., chemotaxis, adhesion), natural killer cell and T-cytoxic cell function, antibody response to specific antigen challenges, and reactivation of herpes viruses in response to spaceflight. HEDS16 Microgravity Associated Skeletal Muscle Atrophy LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: DL Feeback daniel.l.feeback1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7189 Human space explorers undergo a variety of physiologic adaptations to the microgravity environment to which they are subjected during spaceflight. In both astronauts and cosmonauts, atrophy of skeletal muscle with a concomitant reduction in functional capacity when returning to the normal terrestrial gravitational environment has been documented. Reductions in calf circumference, development of negative nitrogen balance, increased urinary excretion of muscle protein-derived amino acids, decrements in strength and force-velocity relationships in selected muscles, and loss of muscle volume as verified by magnetic resonance imaging have all demonstrated muscle atrophy is a consequence of spaceflight. A variety of studies in astronauts/cosmonauts, human test subjects under conditions of simulated microgravity (bed rest and/or limb suspension), and in hypokinesia/hypodynamia animal models are in progress to elucidate the mechanism of microgravity associated muscle atrophy in order to devise, implement, and test the efficacy of countermeasures to prevent or attenuate its occurrence. The following approaches are proposed for future studies: (1) histochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of muscle biopsies from flight crew members, bed rest test subjects, or animal models; (2) quantitative image analysis of magnetic resonance images from muscles suspected of being susceptible to atrophy; (3) development and study of in vitro (tissue culture) models of muscle atrophy; (4) analysis of possible muscle atrophy markers; (5) study of structure/function relationships of muscle mitochondria and capillaries; and (6) development and testing of countermeasures. Techniques used in these studies will include muscle enzyme and lectin histochemistry, monoclonal immunohistochemistry, and morphometric analysis by digital planimetry; diagnostic medical imaging and quantitative image analysis; tissue culture and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric, and turbidimetric biochemical assays; in situ hybridization; and subcellular fractionation. HEDS17 Neurosciences LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: MF Reschke millard.f.reschke1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7210 This laboratory, which functions under the auspices of the Life Sciences Research Laboratories, is engaged in a wide-ranging program of ground-based and spaceflight studies to investigate the effects of unique spaceflight environmental variables, particularly microgravity, on man's nervous system. As a result of data obtained from the Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle, and Mir missions, attention is being given to studies that attempt to elucidate those neurosensory, sensorimotor, and related physiological mechanisms underlying space-adaptation (space motion-sickness, spatial orientation, and perceptual processes) syndrome and readaptation to Earth. Included are investigations of semicircular-canal and otolith-organ interaction processes, vestibulospinal reflex responses, visual-vestibular interaction processes, vestibular-autonomic interaction processes, eye-hand coordination, and psychophysiological responses to stressful, gravitoinertial stimuli, and postural and locomotion control processes. The primary focus is operational research directed toward developing reliable predictive techniques and effective countermeasures for space motion-sickness, "Earth sickness", and neurosensory, and sensorimotor disturbances during and after flight. Research on countermeasures centers primarily on visual and vestibular adaptation training, centrifugation, and evaluations of new pharmaceuticals for motion sickness and orthostatic intolerance. Another major focus of the laboratory is the effects of extended duration light on visual/vestibular function, autonomic function, posture, gait, and other sensory systems. In addition, the development of countermeasures to ensure the safe return and egress of flight crews is an area of critical concern. Work is under way to develop new and improved vestibular-response measurement analysis and modeling techniques. Laboratory facilities have recently undergone considerable expansion to accommodate increased efforts to investigate etiological factors and autonomic nervous system responses underlying both motion-sickness and orthostatic tolerance. Extensive laboratory instrumentation is available for the generation and control of stimuli and the recording and analysis of a variety of responses. HEDS18 Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Research LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Scott M. Smith, Ph.D. smsmith@ems.jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483 7204 Changes have been noted during spaceflight in the metabolism or utilization of several nutrients, including protein, energy, and minerals and electrolytes. These alterations-observed during both spaceflight and ground-based simulations of spaceflight-appear to be related to several other physiologic changes that occur during spaceflight and thus may indicate shifts in metabolism that affect nutrient requirements. Research will focus on human nutritional requirements for spaceflight. Areas of particular interest include the consequences of microgravity-induced changes in bone and calcium; the influence of exercise on nutritional requirements; alterations in micronutrients metabolism and requirements during long-term spaceflight; interactions of radiation with nutritional requirements for ascorbic acid, iron, vitamin E, and selenium; and the digestion and absorption of nutrients in space. The nutritional biochemistry laboratory facility has the capability to analyze substances for all major macronutrients, including amino-acids, and for minerals and vitamins. Standard biochemical procedures are available: gas chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry high-pressure liquid chromatography, atomic absorption with graphite furnace, and ion chromatography. Research efforts are under way to determine the changes in metabolism at entry into spaceflight, during spaceflight, and recovery from spaceflight to define better the nutrient requirements during spaceflight; and to develop appropriate techniques to measure changes in metabolism during spaceflight. The laboratory is particularly concerned with defining these changes, determining when they may be detrimental to crew members, and in developing appropriate countermeasures for any detrimental changes. When appropriate, research will be directed to the amelioration of spaceflight-induced physiological changes through nutritional countermeasures. Although Space Shuttle flight-experiment opportunities are available to develop and verify related experimental support protocols, the exposure time is limited to flight duration. A Space-Station human research facility dedicated to life-sciences research is being planned that will provide the necessary long-term-exposure experimental test bed. The laboratory coordinates its efforts with both intramural and extramural collaborators. Other in- house teams include biochemistry, hematology, immunology, endocrinology, and exercise-physiology laboratories. Clinical studies are conducted using ground-based simulations such as bed- rest research projects. HEDS19 Pathophysiology of Decompression Sickness CONTACT: Michael Powell michael.r.powell1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-5413 Decompression sickness (DCS) is a malady that occurs when the ambient pressure is reduced. Gas phase formation occurs and situations can progress from subclinical, to DCS, to death. Although it is generally associated with deep-sea divers, DCS can occur in aviators or astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA). There is evidence to suggest that the risk of DCS is reduced in microgravity environments. One possibility is a reduction in the forces that participate in stress-assisted nucleation and in vivo gas phase formation. This hypothesis is being tested in human subjects. Objective and quantitative measurements are performed using Doppler ultrasound devices. Final results of these tests will aid in formulating prebreathe procedures for EVA. Because the current suit utilized for EVA is at a lower pressure than the space cabin, there is a risk of decompression sickness. It is helpful to monitor EVA astronauts for bubble formation, especially in real time. Problems associated with current monitoring systems include fire safety, probe placement, stability of signals, and information transmission from the suit to the monitoring station. HEDS20 Pharmacokinetic Research LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Lakshmi Putcha lakshmi.putcha1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7760 Spaceflight induces a number of physiological changes including fluid shifts and cardiovascular deconditioning. While some of these changes were evaluated on earlier missions, others (e.g., changes in gastrointestinal and hepatic function) have not been investigated. Availability of sensitive and flight-suitable methods of evaluation limits implementation of these studies in space. Identification and evaluation of these physiological parameters and resulting changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents administered during spaceflight are essential for designing and developing effective treatment regimes for the space medical operations. Gastrointestinal and hepatic function research focuses on developing simple, noninvasive techniques to conduct these studies in space. We will use ground-based simulation models of microgravity (e.g., antiorthostatic bed rest) to evaluate and validate these techniques for their flight suitability. Using these validated, noninvasive methods, we can also evaluate changes in gastrointestinal and hepatic function during spaceflight. Pharmacokinetics research includes (1) development of simple and noninvasive drug-monitoring methods that are flight suitable, (2) evaluation of pharmacokinetic changes of drugs during antiorthostatic bed rest, (3) pharmacodynamic implications of these changes, and (4) other changes such as protein binding and metabolism of drugs. In-flight pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are characterized using methods developed in ground-based research. Research in the area of pharmaceutical development involves designing and testing noninvasive and nonparenteral drug dosage forms that are suitable for use in space. We also evaluate sustained release and intranasal dosage forms of antimotion sickness drugs. HEDS21 Psychological Research LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Deborah Harm deborah.1.harm1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7222 This laboratory, which functions under the auspices of the Life Sciences Research Laboratories, is chartered to study those factors which may significantly impact individual and team performance, and psychological health during space missions. The overriding goal of this laboratory is to ensure optimal performance of individual crew members and teams during space missions. Another important goal is to ensure the optimal performance of ground support personnel in their relationships with mission crews, and their interactions as a ground-based team. Many factors that affect space crews will have an impact on the ground support personnel and will require appropriate countermeasures. Suboptimal productivity, lapses in judgment, interpersonal conflict, and other behavioral problems have been encountered on both space flights and ground-based Antarctic missions. A number of factors are presumed to account for these problems, including isolation and confinement. Current research focuses on small group dynamics and team performance in analogue mission crews, development and evaluation of methods for psychological monitoring, and cross-cultural issues related to multinational teams. The laboratory is equipped with several computers and software for programming, digitizing video and audio inputs, and analyzing data. HEDS22 Radiation Biophysics LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Frank Cucinotta francis.a.cucinotta1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-0968 The space radiation environment primarily consists of high-energy electrons, protons, and heavy ions from solar wind and galactic cosmic rays, and high-energy particles trapped in the Van Allen Belts by the Earth's geomagnetic field. The radiation health aspects of spaceflight include unique considerations. Of critical importance from a health perspective is the radiobiological assessment of effects resulting from chronic exposure to the high-charge, high-energy (HZE) particles and solar particle events resulting from large solar flares. In addition, dosimetry must be adequate to enable accurate assessment of exposure hazards and must be responsive to a broad spectrum of radiation types and energies. Vehicle design and material selection determine the shielding afforded and must be viewed with respect to weight and volume constraints; furthermore, accurate knowledge of the ambient space-radiation environment and interaction of the radiation with the spacecraft (transport codes) are required to project expected exposures and thus enable mission- duration and mission-profile planning. Studies in progress and projected for the future include (1) biological effects of energetic protons and HZE exposures, especially carcinogenic, cytogenic, and mutagenic effects at the cellular and molecular levels; (2) cellular and molecular mechanism(s) of oncogenic cell transformation by protons and HZE exposure; (3) advanced biomarkers and biological dosimetry; (4) space radiation health physics; (5) biophysical models of HZE effects; (6) radiation protection by chemical and biological agents; and (7) possible increased biological effects resulting from simultaneous exposure to microgravity and space radiation environments. Acceptable levels of exposure to space radiation are based on a risk-versus-gain consideration. The studies mentioned are critical to a satisfactory space-radiation health program in which exposures and long-term health risks are minimized. HEDS23 Recycled Water: Chemistry, Disinfection, In-Flight Monitoring, and Toxicology LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: RL Sauer richard.l.sauer1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-7121 Water reclamation from urine, wash water, and humidity condensate and reuse for potable and hygiene purposes is considered a key feature of long-duration spaceflight in order to avoid massive launch/resupply penalties associated with on-board drinking and hygiene needs. A variety of primary reclamation technologies and a number of pretreatment and post-treatment schemes to minimize or eliminate contaminants from the product water are being developed. The quality of the product water, particularly organic content, is specific to the unique combination of reclamation processes used. Certification of reclaimed water for direct reuse by humans presents major technical problems not encountered in terrestrial water systems. Because of the direct reuse aspects, aggressive efforts are needed to bridge the gap between the technology development efforts and biomedical requirements in order to verify that reclamation processes that are safe and reliable. The goals of this activity include the following: (1) determination of the contaminant composition of source and product waters from the variety of reclamation processes being developed under both nominal and off-nominal conditions; (2) development of analytical procedures to support identification and quantification of the organic constituents in recycled water; (3) development of analytical procedures to measure halogen species in waters, with emphasis on iodine disinfection; (4) development of microgravity-compatible monitoring capabilities that minimize expendable requirements, which will be needed to verify the water quality before it is used; (5) determination of relative toxicity of detected organic constituents and the establishment of respective MCLs; (6) definition of quality specifications for water reclaimed for direct reuse from humidity condensate, urine, and wash water; (7) identification and quantification of disinfection products associated with halogen disinfectants; (8) development of advanced water reclamation and post-treatment technology for organics removal and microbiological control; (9) development of methods for remediating contamination events in spacecraft water distribution systems; (10) development of water potability bioassay techniques for recycled water that are potentially adaptable to in-flight application; and (11) development of an overall plan by which reclaimed water can be certified acceptable for human consumption and hygiene uses. This activity will be performed in the water-quality laboratory in close association with the toxicology and microbiology laboratories. HEDS24 Research on Computer Biomechanical Modeling LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: JC Maida james.c.maida1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-1113 One of the goals in human modeling at the Graphics Research and Analysis Facility (GRAF) is to create a task-oriented human figure model that emulates the physical characteristics of the actual human counterpart as closely as possible. Currently, GRAF's human model is used to solve problems and make predictions related to anthropometry and kinematics. Our overall goal is to extend the current strength model with a systematic and comprehensive assessment of strength for all major joints of the human, and to build a task-oriented modeling system with the astronaut characterized in terms of his/her strength/fatigue and reach limitations. The research requires that a biomechanical modeling system be built which incorporates dynamics, human strength, stamina, range of motion, workload, and fatigue. This model should extend human factors support to operational areas and emphasize the improvement of processes and products. HEDS25 Space Food Development LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Charles T. Bourland cbourlan@ems.jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483 3632 The Food Systems Engineering Facility supports food development activities for the Shuttle, International Space Station, and future missions. Advanced planetary missions require major efforts in food development especially in packaging and process engineering. Research areas of interest include: food development, food processing, food equipment engineering, acceptability measures for microgravity and isolation, food bioregeneration, shelf life extension up to 5 years, preservation, packaging, and food waste management. HEDS26 Workstation/Workplace Design LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: FE Mount frances.e.mount1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-3723 Knowledge of how humans work in space is essential for planning space missions and designing equipment. Research is needed on the impact of factors that affect crew performance. Contributing factors include but are not limited to working posture requirements, workstation layout, equipment and tool design, work methods used, and task requirements. Quantifying the effect of these factors on task performance can help engineers design and modify the workplace environment for optimum crew safety and productivity. Human factors assessments were flown on STS- 50 and STS-58 to evaluate the interface designs of gloveboxes. The flight experiments consisted of compiling crew comments about glovebox design prior to, during, and after the mission. We also analyzed the mission down link video to determine postural changes while working at the glovebox. The results of this experiment indicated that working at a glovebox for a long duration resulted in neck and shoulder discomfort. Some issues to be addressed in future studies include human factors requirements for the next generation glovebox design (e.g., Space Station maintenance workstation), restraint systems, and material handling in microgravity. HEDS27 Microgravity Science/Combustion Science, Fluid Physics & Transport Phenomena, and Space-Based Processes LEAD CENTER: Glenn CONTACTS: Combustion Science David L. Urban (216) 433-2835 Fluid Physics & Transport Phenomena Bhim S. Singh (216) 433-5396 Space-Based Processes Howard D. Ross (216) 433-2562 Basic science investigations devised to utilize microgravity environment of space to gain new insight in the areas of combustion science, fluid physics and transport phenomena, and space- based process research. NASA Glenn Research Center has a world-class and unique suite of ground-based microgravity research facilities that include: a 2.2 second drop tower, a 5 second zero-gravity facility and a reduced-gravity aircraft. These facilities are utilized to conduct micro- gravity research and to develop space flight experiments for longer duration microgravity experiments conducted on the Space Shuttle and planned for the International Space Station. Well equipped state-of-the-art laboratories are used to develop new diagnostic techniques/instruments especially suited for use in microgravity research on Earth as well as in space. The experiments conducted in space provide new knowledge that is used to improve processes and equipment used on Earth as well as for exploration of space. HEDS28 Mission Operations/Advanced Operations Technologies LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: James N. Ortiz james.n.ortiz1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-0520 Self-sustained long duration human operations in deep space and support of multiple-vehicle operations will require a revolution in ground and on-board operational techniques. This revolution has to be supported by the development of new innovative/enabling operational tools to be both cost effective and safe. Focus will be placed on vehicle and ground systems technology developments that will require minimal human operational intervention in use. This will drive operations costs down and should improve safety. Operational support capabilities based on cutting edge information systems technologies will be required to enable the reduction in real-time round the clock ground support and training (operations costs) and/or reduce flight crew required attention to maintenance, monitoring, training, and planning (more time for science). Enabling tools are envisioned to be those that utilize advanced computational techniques such as agent- based systems, natural language programming, automatic code generation, validation and verification, and advanced simulation and modeling. Automation tools based on intelligent systems such as expert systems, intelligent search, adaptive reasoning, model- and case- based reasoning, intelligent estimation and diagnostics, need to be develop for applications such as autonomous navigation and flight dynamics tools, automated planning and scheduling, and intelligent operations assistants for automated fault detection/recovery/control. Research is needed on advanced human-machine interfaces such as virtual modeling and visualization, data immersion, tele-presence, video teleconferencing technologies, voice recognition/synthetic speech applications to command and control. Research is also needed to enable development of advanced systems for mission data handling such as video compression technologies, automated link management systems, automated data collection/reduction/distribution agents, high capacity/secure networks for data, voice and video. HEDS29 Virtual Reality Interface for Space Exploration Missions LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Steven A. Gonzalez steven.a.gonzalez@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-6314 Research opportunities exist for the following areas of interest: Developing Virtual reality interfaces into the command and control systems of exploration vehicles for command, control and status of mission systems. This research would look at alternate methods of crew interaction with the exploration vehicles that will not require them to be tethered to a computer display. Research opportunities also exist for Virtual communication between the exploration crew and the community on earth. HEDS30 Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance - Nanotube Safety Study LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Alice Lee alee@ems.jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-5234 Biological and toxicity study on the effects of carbon nanotubes on humans. Proposals are sought that study the effects of nanotube exposure to humans from handling and inhalation that might be the result of airborne particles and other direct contact methods. HEDS31 Planetary Entry Systems LEAD CENTER: Langley CONTACT: Dr. Bobby Braun (757) 864-4507 r.d.braun@larc.nasa.gov This activity provides supports the development of planetary entry systems for both robotic science and for human exploration missions in areas of configuration development, flight performance, flyability, and missions operations. HEDS32 Spaceport Architecture and Operations Development LEAD CENTER: Kennedy CONTACT: Gregg Buckingham Mail Code AB-G2 Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 Gregg.Buckingham-1@ksc.nasa.gov (407) 867-7952 Within the United States and throughout most of the world, Kennedy Space Center has unparalleled expertise in designing, building and operating a spaceport with all its complex systems. Kennedy Space Center operates America's only launch site for human spaceflight and oversees NASA's acquisition and management of expendable launch vehicle launch services. It also prepares a variety of payloads or cargo for spaceflight on manned and unmanned vehicles. Spaceports of the future will be built on the successes and failures of the past and present. KSC's proven processes and systems will lay the groundwork; our leadership in incorporating new systems and technologies will pave the way for the future. We are developing models for spaceport architecture and operations that will reduce the costs of ground processing and minimize the life cycle costs of space transportation. Examples or current projects under this category include: * Advanced Launch Processing and Payload Checkout and Launch Systems * Payload Processing and Carrier Development * Expendable Launch Vehicle Services and Launch * Site Processing * Ground Support Design and Testing * Failure Analysis and Nondestructive Evaluation * Process/Industrial Engineering * Instrumentation * Cryogenics * Logistics * Systems Testing * Safety Systems * Vision Spaceport Architecture * Integrated Design Environment HEDS33 Orbital Debris Hazard Assessment LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACTS: Nicholas Johnson nicholas.l.johnson1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-5313 EL Christiansen eric.l.christiansen1@jsc.nasa.gov (281)483-5311 NASA Johnson Space Center has a program to better understand the character of the man-made orbital debris environment, the implications of this environment on the design and operations of spacecraft, and the development of national and international standards to minimize the future orbital debris environment. This program consists of four major components: (1) modeling of the environment; (2) measurements of the environment; (3) hypervelocity impact testing to determine the consequences of the environment and the design of shielding; and (4) consulting with industry, other government agencies, and other space-faring nations for making cost-effective recommendations to minimize the hazard to future spacecraft. Predictions of the flux resulting from the orbital debris environment are made from both source and sink models, which include spacecraft traffic models, satellite breakup models, and atmospheric drag models. We test these predictions against environmental measurements. Such measurements include the relatively large (>10 cm) objects maintained in the US Space Command catalog, intermediate sized (1 mm to 10 cm) that are sampled by ground telescopes and high-frequency ground radars, and small objects (<1 mm) that are sampled through hypervelocity impacts on recovered spacecraft surfaces. JSC obtains data using a three meter liquid mirror telescope and the Haystack radar, maintains samples from several recovered satellite surfaces, and maintains laboratories to measure the characteristics and chemistry of impact craters. To date, the measurements program has identified sources of orbital debris that were not included in the models. he probability that a spacecraft will fail to function because of an orbital debris or meteoroid impact can be reduced with specially designed shielding. JSC maintains three hypervelocity guns, and has played a critical role in designing shields for the planned Space Station. In an effort to minimize the shielding weight of the Shuttle and Space Station, hypervelocity (velocities greater than 5 km/sec) tests are conducted on various spacecraft materials and configurations. JSC has prepared a NASA safety standard, which includes guidelines and procedures for limiting orbital debris. We also conduct regular meetings with other US agencies and the "Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee" (with members from the US, Europe, Russia, and Japan). The purpose of these meetings is to coordinate research and reach a common consensus for the international standards of limiting orbital debris. HEDS34 Space Radiation and Biological Systems LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: FA Cucinotta francis.a.cucinotta1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-0968 Applicants should be interested in performing theoretical modeling of the effects of space radiation on biological systems. Emphasis is placed on the relationship of the track structure of heavy particles (protons, alpha particles, and heavy ions) to DNA damage and resulting biological responses such as mutation and signal transduction. One of our goals is to develop theoretical models that can describe molecular biology experiments performed to study heavy particle effects. Nuclear reactions in spacecraft shielding and tissue modify the composition of the primary radiation fields including the production of new particle types. The importance of nuclear reactions in risk assessment include the role of shielding material type on reaction rates and the high-energy deposition events that would occur in tissue near reaction sites. An additional goal is to develop biological response models that describe nuclear reactions, track structure, and molecular interactions that will be able to guide the design of optimal shielding materials for radiation protection. Interested applicants should have a background in radiation physics and track structure models, as well as a basic knowledge of molecular biology. HEDS35 Space-Radiation Environment LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: GD Badhwar gautam.d.badhwar1@jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-5065 Space-radiation environment is a significant consideration in planning any long-duration mission both in low-Earth orbit and in interplanetary space. To maintain our ability to assess the environment and to minimize the risk to humans in space, an active program entails computer modeling of radiation received by the human body and careful measurements of the radiation environment both outside and inside the space shuttle. Research concerns advanced concepts of dosimetry, including identification of the elemental composition, energy, and direction of incident radiation, as well as real-time calculations and display of radiobiological effectiveness. This currently involves the design and construction of a solid-state charged particle telescope and acquisition of data on the inner radiation belt and galactic cosmic rays (GCR) through its operation on Shuttle flights and Mir flights. Other activities include improvements of GCR models and inner belt models to account for variations caused by the 22-year solar cycle. HEDS36 Understanding and Utilizing Gravitational Effects on Biotechnology and Materials Science LEAD CENTER: Marshall CONTACT: Dr. Shelia Nash-Stevenson shelia.nash-stevenson@msfc.nasa.gov (256) 544-3453 NASA has interest in experiments that characterize and utilize the influence of microgravity on biotechnology processes and materials science. Areas of interest include protein crystal growth and structural analysis techniques, separation science and technology, advanced electronic and photonic materials research, metals and alloys technology, glass and ceramic materials technology. Another area relates to microgravity processing approaches such as containerless processing and advanced thermal processing techniques. Innovations are sought in the following: * Electronic and photonic materials leading to solid-state detectors with improved properties, and controlled crystal growth for scientific and commercial applications. * Metallic alloys with improved grain structures by directional solidification and processing involving supercooling and undercooling states. * Polymers, composites, and other materials that incorporate sensory, effector, and self- repair technologies. * Simulation capabilities that will elucidate the interaction of transport properties during liquid state processing and can lead to desired microstructures and properties. * Experimental design methodologies combining advanced process models, optimization techniques, and control. * Experiments and theoretical research in separation techniques and protein crystal growth for a greater understanding of such processes in the reduced-gravity environment of space. * Instrumentation to determine the influence of crystallization parameters on the size and quality as well as growth rates of protein crystals that lead to commercial and medical applications. * Mathematical modeling, new methods, materials, and techniques to exploit the potential of microgravity for the improvement and understanding of biochemical separation processes. * Development of technology in eucaryotic cell biology that takes advantage of the unique microgravity environment (or simulated environment) for innovative approaches to drug screening, biological product production, or organ/tissue remodeling. * Automatic drug separation and purification from plants and cell cultures grown under confined conditions anticipated for prolonged residence in microgravity or off-Earth habitats. * Advancement of high-yield protein or recombinant drug expression systems that function in cultures grown under simulated microgravity. * Experimental sample containment, instrumentation, or processing approaches that enhance scientific return or minimize impact to experiment samples. Two examples are (1) containerless processing to control impurities and nucleation sites or allow processing of reactive melts, and (2) provide rapid cooling of the sample to enhance microstructural analysis. * Thermal insulation or heating approaches that enhance safety and use resources more efficiently. * Microgravity furnace technology for minimizing power, enhancing thermal axial gradients, and improving quench performance, while maintaining flat solidification interfaces, and minimizing disturbances to the sample. * Microgravity furnace instrumentation technologies to better understand sample health and experiment status while minimizing the instrumentation's effect on the sample. * Methods for integrating the furnace with the sample containment system to allow fast, cheap microgravity experiments. * Advanced modeling techniques that can simulate the slow translation of a sample container relative to a host furnace for gradient processing, rapid translation for quench, and the quench. * Methods for simplifying this type of modeling process. * Technology and instrumentation leading to the formation, interaction and synthesis of particulate materials on Earth and in planetary environments and their application to the establishment of extraterrestrial outposts. * Materials and studies leading to applications in radiation shielding during human extraterrestrial exploration of space. HEDS37 Understanding and Utilizing Gravitational Effects on Plants and Animals LEAD CENTER: Ames (Animals) KSC (Plants) CONTACT: Mr. Warren F. Ahtye wahtye@arc.nasa.gov (650) 604-5107 This subtopic area focuses on technologies that support the NASA Gravitational Biology and Ecology Program in understanding the effects of gravity on plants and animals. The program supports investigations into the ways in which fundamental biological processes function in space, compared to their function on the ground. To conduct these investigations, the program supports both ground and space flight research. The improved understanding of the role of gravity on plants requires innovative support equipment for observing, measuring, and manipulating the responses of plants to environmental variables. Areas of specific concern and emphasis include: * Measuring the atmospheric and radiation environment and optimizing the lighting and nutrient delivery systems for plants. * Innovative approaches to storage, transportation, maintenance, and in situ analyses of seeds and growing plants. * Sensors with low power requirements and low mass to monitor the atmosphere and water (nutrient) environment, as well as automated control and data logging systems for the experiment containers to measure performance indicators, such as respiration (whole plant, shoot, root), evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and other variables in plants. * Data analysis and control. * Modular seeding and/or planting units to minimize labor. * Sensors for atmospheric, liquid and solid analyses, including atmospheric and liquid contaminants such as ethylene and other biogenic compounds as well as analyses of hydroponic and solid media for N, P, K, Cu, Mg and micronutrients. * Remote sensors to identify biological stress. * Expert control systems for environmental chambers. The improved understanding of the role of gravity on animals requires studies, which range from organism development, including gametogenesis through fertilization, embryonic development and maturation, through ecological system stability. Studies may include a variety of processes such as metabolism and metabolic control, through genetic expression and the control of development. Of particular interest are technologies that require minimal power and can non-invasively measure physical, chemical, metabolical and development parameters. Such measurements will ultimately be made in environments at one or more of several gravity ranges, e.g., "microgravity" (10-2 to 10-6 x g), "planetary" gravity (1 x g (Earth); 0.38 x g (Mars) or 0.12 x g (Moon)) or hypergravity (up to 2 x g). But, refined and stable measurements are as important as gravity independence. Of interest are sustained instrument sensitivity, accuracy and stability, and reductions in the need for frequent measurement standardization. Parameters requiring measurement include, e.g., pH, temperature, pressure, ionic strength, gas concentration (O2, CO2, CO, NO2, etc.), and solute concentration (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2-, Cl-, PO4 3-, etc.). In the case of new techniques and instruments, a clear path toward miniaturization, reduction in power demands and increased space worthiness should be identified. Interests applicable to plant, microorganism, and animal study applications include: * Expert data management systems. * Capabilities for specimen storage, manipulation and dissection. * Video-image analysis for biospecimen (cell, animal, plant) health and maintenance. * Sensors for primary environmental parameters and microbial organisms. * Biotelemetry monitors and biological monitors carried on remotely controlled spacecraft. HEDS38 Exploiting Gravitational Effects for Combustion, Fluids, Synthesis, and Vibration Technology LEAD CENTER: Glenn CONTACT: Mr. Walter S. Kim Walter.S.Kim@lerc.nasa.gov (216) 433-3742 NASA seeks innovative proposals for products to improve the operation and safety of orbiting spacecraft based on chemical and physical processes that exploit the microgravity and partial gravity environment. Also sought are products for application to NASA missions involving Mars and the Moon and for ground-based application and commercialization based on principles, understandings, or testing in simplified, non-convective microgravity and partial gravity fields. For some demonstrations to support product development, the NASA Lewis Research Center can provide access and assistance to outside investigators in its unique facilities, including the Space Experiment Laboratory, the 2.2-second and 5.2-second drop towers, and parabolic-trajectory (20 seconds of low gravity) aircraft (See Section 5.14). Specific areas of interest are: * Products based on combustion or related chemical reactions in gaseous, liquid, solid, or mixed phases for application to spacecraft operational needs or to derived ground systems, aided by principles, models, or demonstrations validated in the simplified environment of microgravity and partial gravity. * Products based on physical contact or transport in fluid, dispersed, or mixed phases for application to spacecraft operational needs or to derived ground systems, aided by principles, models, or demonstrations validated in the simplified environment of microgravity and partial gravity. * Small-scale intermetallic, ceramic, or similar products produced through combustion synthesis in solid, filter-flow, thermite, or other reactions, with product uniformity, composition, or yield controlled or improved by exposure to the non-convective microgravity and partial gravity environment. * Products to measure, isolate, or control acceleration, vibration, or jitter for application to spacecraft operational needs or to space experiment payloads or to derived ground systems. * Sensors, instrumentation, and diagnostics systems for application to non-disturbing measurement of chemical, thermal, or flow parameters in microgravity and partial gravity or to derived ground systems, based on principles, models, or demonstrations validated in microgravity or partial gravity. * Products to promote or improve fire safety through prevention, detection, suppression, or post-fire restoration for application to spacecraft or to derived ground systems, aided by principles, models, or demonstrations validated in microgravity or partial gravity. * Fluid dynamic phenomena associated with materials processing, protein crystal growth and separation processes in microgravity and partial gravity as well as in the Earth-bound environment. * Technology that explains, enables or improves combustion and fluid processes in partial gravity environments to promote application of these processes to NASA's missions involving Mars and/or the Moon. HEDS39 Understanding and Utilizing Gravitational Effects on Biotechnology and Materials Science LEAD CENTER: Marshall CONTACT: Ms. Helen C. Stinson helen.c.stinson@msfc.nasa.gov (256) 544-7239 HEDS contributes to the creation of new scientific knowledge by conducting scientific investigations in several related areas. One area focuses on gravity-dependent phenomena using both Earth and space-based facilities. HEDS basic research programs study the fundamental and direct relationship between gravity and certain biological, chemical and physical processes. In these investigations, gravity is used as an experimental variable much as temperature and pressure are in similar studies. The objectives of this topic include understanding the fundamental role of gravity and the space environment in biological, chemical, and physical systems. HEDS40 Cryogenic Fluids, Handling, and Storage LEAD CENTER: Glenn CONTACT: Mr. Walter S. Kim Walter.S.Kim@lerc.nasa.gov (216) 433-3742 Component or concept proposals are being solicited to improve the performance, operating efficiency safety and reliability of cryogenic fluid storage and handling in all gravity environments (10-6 g to 1 g) and Martian surface environments (i.e., dust, CO2 atmosphere). Tanks of high-energy propellant fluids, stored in their most efficient state, as low-pressure subcritical cryogenic fluids are susceptible to fluid loss through environmental heating. Novel concepts are being solicited to significantly reduce the heat conduction through tank supports and penetrations and reduce solar radiation losses with insulating materials or by intercepting shields. The ability to transfer cryogenic liquids in nominal, reduced and low gravity conditions from storage vessels or production facilities to user tankage is also critical. Cryogenic fluids are used for life support, propulsion, and power systems. Innovations in the following areas are needed: * Lightweight, low thermal conductivity cryogenic tank strut and support concepts. * Low thermal conductivity cryogenic tank penetrations, i.e., instrumentation feed-throughs, feedlines, vent lines. * Lightweight, insulating thermal protection schemes. * Robust insulation concepts for multiple launch/landing and ambient/vacuum pressure cycles. * Devices for vapor-free acquisition of cryogenic liquids. * Small, low power, lightweight (2 liter/minute) liquid oxygen transfer pumps. * Tank pressure control (e.g., thermodynamic vent) and/or integrated tank boiloff control and product liquefaction technologies. * Lightweight mechanical fittings and flexhoses with low heat leak. * Autonomous cryogenic disconnects and couplings. * Flowmeters and densitometers for measurement of densified, multi-phase cryogens at flow rates of 1.4 to 5.6 liters per second. * Instrumentation for monitoring cryogens in low gravity including mass quantity gauging, liquid-vapor sensing and free surface imaging. Cryogenic Pumping Systems without cryogenic seals. As an example, magnetically coupled pumps that can handle Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Liquid Oxygen (LO2) or Liquid Hydrogen (LH2). Magnetically coupled pumps eliminate one of the significant leak potentials in today's ground systems. Cryogenic Quick Disconnects are particulate sensitive. Mating these disconnects remotely raises concern of seal damage and subsequent leaks at cryogenic temperatures. QDs in all sizes (0.25 to 10.0 inch diameter) are needed for future exploration missions and future launch vehicles. Cryogenic Couplings are also particulate and scratch sensitive. Development of robust sealing couplings that are compatible with cryogenic temperatures and Liquid Oxygen compatible are also needed for future exploration missions and future launch vehicles. Diameters of 0.25 to 10.0 inches. HEDS41 Explore and Settle the Solar System LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Ms. Jane I. Fox jifox@ems.jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-4815 The International Space Station Program and Mars Exploration studies have defined technology and research needs that are critical to their individual goals. These include: research on human adaptation to the space environment; regenerative and bioregenerative life support; telerobots and robot assistants; space and planet surface suits; utilization of indigenous resources for propellants, life support consumables, radiation protection, and construction materials; micro- and nano-technologies, manufacturing processes, and advanced materials. All are sought to enable humans to live and work in space or on a planet, to enhance performance, reduce cost, and maintain the health and well being of the crew. HEDS42 Achieve Routine Space Travel LEAD CENTER: Kennedy CONTACT: Mr. Joel W. Shealy Joel.shealy-1@ksc.nasa.gov (407) 867-6378 NASA's Human Space Flight Program seeks to open the space frontier by exploring, using and enabling its development, and to expand the human experience into the far reaches of space through the attainment of safe, reliable, low cost transportation. NASA seeks technologies to support the development of sensors and instrumentation systems, including ecological, environmental, and weather measurement technologies, for use in ground processing, launch, and landing of space vehicles and payloads. NASA seeks innovative technologies to prevent, detect, and retard corrosion of ground processing equipment and facilities. NASA also seeks innovative industrial engineering concepts, methodologies, and processes that will enable a more cost-effective and efficient hardware processing schedule. HEDS43 Commercial Microgravity Research and Outreach - Enrich Life on Earth Through People Living and Working in Space LEAD CENTER: Marshall CONTACT: Ms. Helen C. Stinson helen.c.stinson@msfc.nasa.gov (256) 544-7239 By its nature, the exploration and development of Space expands our knowledge and fosters technologies that have great potential benefit on Earth. The HEDS enterprise will be alert to and communicate the early medical, educational, economic, and social benefits from its programs. The objectives of this topic include promoting knowledge and technologies that promise to enhance our health and quality of life; broadening and strengthen our nation's achievements in science, math, and engineering; involve our nation's citizens in the adventure of exploring space; and joining other nations in the international exploration and settlement of space. HEDS44 Flight/Ground System Autonomous Operations LEAD CENTER: Johnson CONTACT: Ms. Jane I. Fox jifox@ems.jsc.nasa.gov (281) 483-4815 For frequent, affordable, capable space missions in the 21st century, key technologies that contribute to lowering life-cycle costs and increasing scientific returns are required. This includes technologies, concepts, and advanced techniques for reliable telecommunication services, microelectronics, flight computing, autonomous spacecraft guidance, navigation, tracking and control, 'intelligent' and automated ground and flight systems, data transfer, handling and storage, high-speed data communications networks. For NASA's use of commercial services, advanced techniques and products that support commercial LEO/MEO/GEO satellite networks are needed. HEDS45 Environmental and Ecological Technologies Lead Center: KSC Proposals are solicited for innovative and commercially viable technologies in environmental management, environmental and ecological monitoring, life sciences flight payloads and laboratory functions. Innovative technologies are needed that will improve the capability to collect and analyze environmental and ecological data. Of particular emphasis is the development of systems to monitor ecological parameters, biological organisms and environmental conditions remotely over long periods of time under field and controlled chamber conditions. Techniques to significantly improve and automate data management capabilities are required, especially those that incorporate geographical information system technologies for environmental and ecological monitoring and selected growth chamber data. Innovative remediation technologies are also important, particularly methods that minimize the impact to surrounding lands and facilities. Specific areas of emphasis are: * Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) or other remote sensing technology in groundtruthing GIS data sets and automating data collection and analyses. * Development of models for estimating wildlife populations and performing environmental impact predictions. * Remediation technologies for chemical and petroleum soil and ground water contamination including in-situ methods and portable systems. * Expert control systems for environmental chambers. * Control technologies for cost-effective waste minimization and/or reuse of KSC industrial waste. * Alternative technologies for monitoring microbial functionality in groundwater remediation systems and prototype bioregenerative life support subsystems. * New and innovative light sources which have higher electrical conversion efficiencies and high photosynthetic spectral efficiencies are needed to meet the requirements of the bioregenerative life support systems on future, long-duration space missions. HEDS46 Small Mass Spectrometers Lead Center: KSC Smart, small, lightweight, rugged, inexpensive, automated mass spectrometer systems, or other technology capable of measuring one to one million parts per million of the following gases: Hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. These instruments will be used on and around space launch vehicles for leak detection during ground processing, test firings, prelaunch propellant loading, launch, ascent, and descent (post reentry). The primary improvements in technology and performance are size and weight reduction and cost reduction. The target cost of operational versions of this instrument is $10,000-$25,000. Each instrument will be dedicated to a single sample line and shall report gas concentration and system health status continuously. Additional instrument performance goals are as follows: * Desired accuracy: Plus or minus ten parts per million, or 5% of reading, whichever error is greater. * Mass resolution: The instrument should be capable of meeting the desired accuracy goals for hydrogen in the presence of 100% helium, and for oxygen in the presence of 100% nitrogen. * Size: Two cubic feet volume or smaller. * Weight: 25 pounds or less. * Ruggedness: Should withstand 18 gravities of vibration for 10 seconds. * Automation: Within 5 minutes of application of 28 volt DC power, the instrument should power up to operational status, perform and continually transmit system health checks, and begin analysis. * Stability: The instrument should maintain required accuracy for 12 hours either through inherent stability, or internal calibration. If this is not achievable, external zero, span and test gas can be supplied. * Sampling: Should be capable of drawing samples through up to 400 feet of 0.18 inch inner diameter tubing. * Current launch sites utilize a centralized-mass spectrometer system (commercial technology) which sequentially monitors multiple sample lines. The instruments are large and heavy, and must therefore be installed hundreds of feet from potential leak sites to protect the instrument from launch vibration, deluge water, rocket exhaust, etc. Response to potential leaks is delayed by the necessity to transport the samples long distances (200-400 feet) as well as time-multiplexing between multiple sample lines. While small and rugged mass analyzers have been developed for space flight experiments and payloads, they are typically too expensive to build (up to one million dollars) to meet spaceport instrumentation needs. Rather than one large expensive, time-shared mass spectrometer, NASA needs small inexpensive instruments that can be located very near leak sources, and dedicated to a single sample Line. This is analogous to a business converting from a mainframe computer to distributed desktop PC's. HEDS47 Hydrazine Sensors Lead Center: KSC Develop and demonstrate either or both, portable direct-reading sensors and/or area monitors that can rapidly and more accurately detect hydrazine and monomethyl hydrazine. Both shall be capable of measuring at least 1 to 1000 ppb within 30 seconds to achieve 90% of final reading, and both shall be accurate (3 sigma noise) to the greater error of +/- 2 ppb or 10% of reading. The area monitor shall be capable of drawing adequate air samples and shall provide full accuracy monitoring from multiple remote sites, each at a distance of up to 100 feet from the central area monitor function. This performance for both shall be possible in 0-50 degree C air having Subtopic ambient humidity ranges. The sensor shall not give a hydrazine indication above 10 PPB in response to other common chemicals, such as hydrocarbons or ammonia, at interference levels of twice their allowable time weighted average (TWA). Both shall require 15 minutes or less warm-up time to reach full accuracy. Both shall operate from 3-6 months without requiring either calibration or maintenance. The current capability is within 2 minutes for area monitors and within 6 minutes for sensors, to achieve 90% of final reading, measuring 1 to 1000 ppb accurate (3 sigma noise) to the greater error of +/- 2 ppb or 15% of reading. HEDS48 Remote Sensing of Electric Fields Aloft Lead Center: KSC An operationally viable, real-time method is required to measure the spatial distribution of the intensity of electric fields in and around clouds in the vicinity of the launch site near the time of launch. Remote sensing techniques are required. High reliability, high probability of detection and low false alarm rate is essential. Cost is a significant consideration. It is important to know the electric fields in warm clouds as well as near clouds in clear air. Also, a reliable method of assuring a detached thunderstorm anvil or thick stratus deck is charge-free is highly desired. The threat of adverse weather is a major cause of delay to launch, landing and ground operations. Lightning triggered by launch vehicles as they ascend is of special concern because current technology is inadequate to observe the conditions conducive to triggered lightning. No remote sensing capability currently exists to directly measure electric fields aloft. Techniques relying exclusively on surface field mill or conventional radar observations are known to be inadequate. Techniques such as dual-polarization radar are of limited value since they rely on the presence of ice in the clouds. Techniques, which pose potential risks to personnel or equipment, are not operationally viable. HEDS49 Space Flight Test Bed Data Acquisition, Processing and Recording Units Lead Center: KSC Microelectronic, lightweight and rugged data acquisition, processing and recording units suitable for incorporation into space flight test beds. Must operate in vacuum conditions with no external cooling provisions. Must be modular and reconfigurable for reuse on different missions. Require up to 32 channels of 16-bit data acquisition with real-time digital signal processing (DSP) on every channel. Shall be powered using 28 VDC power supply. Environment: Vibration to 20gRMS, shock 40g for 11ms, operating temperature range at baseplate -40 to +70 degrees C, electromagnetic compatibility per MIL-STD-461C. shall provide for communication in a variety of protocols such as RS232, RS485, 10baseT and 10base100, Radio Frequency, and FDDI. An assortment of advanced sensors will provide inputs to these units including smart sensors with RS485, thermocouples, RTDs, strain gauges and pressure transducers; all with various input voltage ranges from +/- 12.5 mV to +/- 10.0 V. Measurement accuracy shall be +/- 0.5% of full range. Experimental data acquisition systems, and current communications protocols, less the data processing capabilities, have been developed for Programs such as X-33 by Lockheed Martin Sanders and for future programs by Jet Propulsion Laboratory. HEDS50 Space Flight Test Bed Micro Sensors Lead Center: KSC Micro sensors, lightweight, low power, non-intrusive for use on space flight test beds to detect CO, CO2, O2, O3, CH4, He and electrical current. Applications intended include CO, CO2, O2 and O3 for Mars ground systems; and CH4 for hydrocarbon based rocket engines for leak detection on ground and in flight. Also intended are He for launch vehicle pneumatic systems leak detection on ground and in flight, electrical current sensors for non-intrusive monitoring of electrical valves, and electromechanical actuators on ground and in flight. 1 Range: CO, 25-75%; CO2, 25-75%; CO2, 80-100%; O2, 80-100%; O2, 0-100%; O3, 50-10000ppm; CH4, 50-10000ppm; He, 10-150scim; and electrical current, 0-3A. 2 Accuracy: CO, +/- 0.5% full range; CO2, +/- 0.5% full range; O2, +/- 0.5% full range; O3, +/- 10ppm full range; CH4, +/- 10ppm full range; He, +/- 0.10scim full range; and electrical current, +/- 30mA full range. 3 Response Time: CO, 10s; CO2, 10s; O2, 10s; O3, 10s; CH4, 10s; He, 0.1s; and electrical current, 0.1ms. 4 Environment: The devices shall survive vibration to 20gRMS and shock to 40g for 11ms. 5 The operating temperature ranges shall be: CO, (25-75%) 500 to 750 degrees C; CO2, (25-75%) 500 to 750 degrees C. 6 Other ranges include: CO2, (80-100%) 200 to 400 degrees K; O2, (80-100%) 500 to 750 degrees C; O2, (0-100%) 200 to 400 degrees K; O3, (50-10000ppm) 200 to 400 degrees K. Also required are CH4, He, and electrical current at temperatures from 75 to 175 degrees F. Also required is electromagnetic compatibility per MIL-STD-461C. Similar devices exist for ground application but are lacking in capability to perform in a vacuum or Mars environment. Also, devices with accuracy near the 100% have not been found. HEDS51 Process/Industrial Engineering Technologies Lead Center: KSC Participating Center(s): ARC, JSC Spacecraft launch and payload processing systems have many unique aspects which require development of innovative process or industrial engineering (IE) technologies in order to obtain the substantial benefits derived from applying IE principles in other organizations. Process/Industrial Engineering is a technical discipline devoted to the science of process improvement and optimization of operational phases of complex systems. The Space Shuttle is NASA's first major program with a long-term operational phase. All major current and potential future human space flight programs (the International Space Station, X-vehicles, and Mars missions) are also projected to have lengthy operational phases. Payload processing activities are also emphasizing repeatable processes and improved customer satisfaction. Therefore, the strategic importance of IE technologies to NASA is rapidly increasing. Advanced spaceport technologies for designing, improving, and managing processes are needed to support spacecraft ground processing at KSC. Process/Industrial Engineering proposals should address the generic challenges of "doing more with less" and delivering safer, better, faster, and cheaper products/services. Proposals should also identify potential applications for enhancing the operational phases of new NASA programs and aviation depot maintenance processes. Proposals may address the development of new concepts, methodologies, processes, and/or software support systems which advance the state-of-the-art in one or any combination of the following general areas of interest: operations research; process simulation modeling; statistical process control; experimental design; planning and scheduling systems; project management risk analysis; decision analysis; cost-benefit analysis; task/work methods analysis; work measurement; human factors engineering; ergonomics; facility layout/design; performance metrics; management information systems; and benchmarking. Specific interests for the 1999 solicitation include, but are not limited to, those listed below: * Advanced or automated task/methods analysis and procedure design techniques to enable effective implementation of advanced software and hardware systems in spacecraft test and checkout operations. * Development of computer-based training for writing human-centered procedures. Development of evaluation and testing methods and metrics for procedure re-design. * Advanced tools to measure and improve human-computer interaction with consoles and portable data collection devices. * Advanced operations scheduling technologies which will improve support of vehicle and payload processing by supporting reduced cycle time, reduced resource requirements, more robust schedules, reduced user input/intervention, near real-time feedback of process/task completion, enhanced applicability to other domains and to new vehicles, and more explicit knowledge representation of the process. * Tools and methods for integrating knowledge management into the technical, administrative, and business processes of a very large and highly technical engineering enterprise, from the strategic planning level to daily operations. The knowledge management program should include the following four elements: (1) capture: acquisition of critical knowledge in a form which can be efficiently retained, maintained, applied, and accessed; (2) maintenance: training new personnel on best practices learned through the experience of their predecessors, and updating the knowledge base as new knowledge is gained through research and development, collaboration, and benchmarking; (3) application: improving and expediting current processes and practices; and (4) distribution: providing access to the captured knowledge to multiple users, on- and off-site, in a reliable, efficient, and effective manner. * Knowledge based tools and methods for providing highly effective just-in-time task level training in the operational environment. Development of augmented-reality situation displays for training and online information access. * Advanced tools for assessing flight rate capacity and critical paths based on optimal allocation of hardware, software and human resources. * Advanced operations research, decision analysis, and human factors engineering tools for optimizing utilization of scarce resources and minimizing the potential for human error during aircraft/reusable spacecraft (Shuttle and X-vehicles) maintenance activities. * Innovative tools and proactive human factors methodologies, such as pre-task briefings, effective communication mechanisms, work observations, and peer evaluations, designed to reinforce desired jobsite behaviors and reduce human error related incidents. * Advanced statistical quality control techniques for ensuring high quality, affordable manufacturing and maintenance of unique space hardware supporting human exploration and development of space. * Advanced data analysis, mining, and warehousing tools to assist in the development and maintenance of metrics supporting performance-based contracting and process improvement activities. Structured approaches for relating process-level and organization-level metrics. * Advanced technologies supporting workforce modeling in a technical environment. * Tools to identify the parameters needed to quantify logistics mass and volume required to support a human Mars, lunar, or asteroid mission. Parameters include, but are not limited to, spares, tools, test equipment, maintenance consumables, and crew food and water. Tools should identify the typical system, subsystem, and line replaceable unit failure rates, mass, and volume characteristics to be used as input parameters for estimating logistics requirements until mission specific hardware data is available. Develop a model that utilizes these parameters to estimate logistics mass and volume requirements for a specific mission and then optimizes the spares mix based on cost, mass, volume, or system availability once the detailed mission specific hardware data set is available. * An automated configuration management tool for virtual models and process simulations running at multiple locations to allow software developers to track various configurations. The tool should provide automatic stamping of simulations with the individual model characteristics and the date for each simulation to enable analysis, replication, and comparison. * Develop concepts for fabricating parts from raw materials or recycled parts on Mars. Study availability of raw materials at the landing site of current or future programs and availability of materials from depleted systems or carried along in the complement of mission stores. Define a candidate list of parts that could be manufactured from available materials en-route or at the landing site. Utilize commonality of hardware to facilitate interchangeability of parts and limit the number of unique parts. Decide which types of raw materials to carry along on a mission to complement the raw materials at the destination. Study types of devices and systems needed for manufacturing. Develop techniques for stowage, transportation, and utilization of space-borne manufacturing equipment. * Advanced operations process modeling, simulation, verification and validation technologies for cost-effective evaluation of the impacts of proposed changes to operational processes and procedures. Tools for rapidly assessing cost, schedule, and technical risks of proposed Shuttle hardware/software upgrades and process changes. * Automated, advanced statistical quality control techniques that can be applied to data generated by space vehicle health monitoring systems. Non-intrusive automated health monitoring and exception reporting of ground systems. Automated resource and process scheduling using systems health monitoring data. HEDS52 Spaceport Cryogenics Technologies Lead Center: KSC Advanced technologies are being solicited for cryogenic propellant systems for storage, transfer and control, and servicing to improve operational efficiency and reliability, and enable reliable autonomous loading and detanking operations. A key part of making cryogenic propellant servicing systems more efficient is how well they are integrated, physically and operationally, with their related subsystems and systems. Technologies that take into account the total energy balance of the launch facility must be given prime consideration. New and innovative techniques in technology areas such as connector materials, seal configurations, alignment and latching mechanisms, and autonomous operations that will enable reliable, verifiable, efficient, and repeatable system operations are desired for earth-based and low-gravity (Mars and lunar) launch facilities. Specific areas of interest include: * Leak-proof compliant cryogenic connectors that can be reliably mated, demated, and remated under high misalignment conditions (25-30 degrees for connectors 1-inch and larger). Smaller connectors (1/4-inch to 1-inch) that require a low connecting force (for Mars applications) are critical. Reconnect issues that must be resolved include thermal (potential icing), sealing (surface damage due to environmental contamination), and cleanliness (potentially imposed by wind, etc.). * Propellant servicing mechanisms including umbilical alignment, latching, and release mechanisms which provide reliable and verifiable single and multiple mating, and enable autonomous loading operations. Integrated alignment and connection methods are desirable. Innovative latching technologies such as shape memory alloy applications and technologies that allow for maximum preload with minimal application loading are also desirable. * Recovery and storage system for gaseous hydrogen as vented during vehicle loading and drainback operations. Gaseous helium recovery (from hydrogen stream) is also required. Small-scale technology demonstration is desired for Phase I, followed by large-scale system demonstration for Phase II. System must have bypass capability to preclude potential launch impact in the event of a subsystem anomaly. Desired outcome for Phase III is a full-scale operational system for use with the Shuttle Transportation System or other full-scale vehicle such as VentureStar. HEDS53 In-Situ Support Equipment for Surface Operations Lead Center: KSC Current surface operations concepts for Mars exploration include several surface systems that must be deployed and operated for significant periods of time before the crew arrives. These systems include the power plant, the In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) plant, and associated systems (e.g., thermal control system). A high degree of automation is associated with these activities including preparation of surface sites, deployment of potentially large and complex systems, inspection of these systems as they are operated, and performance of routine maintenance and repair as required. Methodologies and technologies are solicited for automated and manual In-Situ support mechanisms that will enable the deployment and operation of all surface systems prior to and after the arrival of the crew. All methodologies and technologies shall also demonstrate commercial Earth-based and near Earth-based applications and have multiple function or operational capabilities. The following are the areas of interest, but are not limited to: * Autonomous techniques to perform periodic inspections, periodic maintenance and repairs on equipment and flight hardware sent to Mars prior to crew arrival (e.g., fluids servicing, non destructive testing, thermal protection system maintenance, cleaning operations, pipeline inspections). * Autonomous/tele-operated techniques for self-deploying umbilical for connecting ISRU plant to power plant. * Autonomous assembly concepts for constructing pre-deployed infrastructure. * Autonomous/tele-operated soil moving concepts for building power plant protection berms and other surface preparations. * Mechanisms for repositioning mobile support systems on the Mars surface. * Techniques for accessing high locations on vehicles for maintenance or inspection purposes. * Techniques to minimize ascent vehicle launch blast damage to infrastructure at Mars launch site. HEDS54 Human Health Maintenance/Countermeasures and Spacecraft Environmental Monitoring, Safety, and Protection Lead Center: JSC Participating Center(s): ARC, DFRC, JPL Human presence in space requires an understanding of the effects of microgravity and other components of the space environment on the physiological systems of the body and on the psychology of the crew. A variety of environmental monitoring and biomedical activities to protect crew health and to counter the effects of space on human physiology is required. Countermeasures must be developed to oppose the deleterious changes that occur in space or upon return to Earth. Health care and medical intervention also must be provided over extended-duration missions. As launch costs are extremely sensitive to mass and volume, sensors and instruments must be small and light with an emphasis on multi-functional aspects. Low power consumption is a major consideration, as are design enhancements to improve the operation, design reliability, and maintainability of these instruments in microgravity. As the efficient utilization of time is extremely important, innovative instrumentation setup, ease of usage, improved astronaut (patient) comfort, non-invasive sensors, and easy-to-read information displays are all-important considerations. Major research disciplines include: endocrinology, immunology, hematology, microbiology, muscle physiology, drug delivery systems, radiation biology, toxicology, and air quality and water quality monitoring. HEDS54A Human Health Monitoring and Countermeasures * Methods and equipment to maintain and assess levels of aerobic and anaerobic physical capability. * Methods to monitor physical activity and loads placed on different segments of the human body. * Exercise equipment able to load the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems and monitor, record, and provide feedback about performance. * Approaches for sustaining, maximizing, assessing, and modeling individual as well as team performance. * Countermeasures against deleterious changes in body systems in flight or upon returning to the ground. Changes include space adaptation syndrome effects such as space motion sickness, in-flight loss of muscle and bone mass, post-flight orthostatic intolerance, and post-flight reduction in neuromuscular coordination. * Assessment of gas bubble formation or growth in the body after in-flight or ground-based decompression, and to prevent or minimize associated decompression sickness. * Means to apply artificial gravity and reduce deleterious effects associated with short-arm centrifuges. * Approaches to achieve health care and intervention within the operational constraints of space flight, including pharmaceuticals having extended shelf-life, diagnostic methods and procedures, medical monitoring, dental care and surgery, and blood replacement technology. * In-flight procedures and techniques for assessing the human metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. * In-flight specimen collection and analysis to evaluate physiological and metabolic and pharmacological responses of astronauts. Non-invasive methods to measure crew performance and related factors. * Novel software methods for documentation, storage, retrieval, analysis, and diagnosis of crew health. Reliable means are required for assessing emotional state and operational efficiency of crewmembers during long duration spaceflight: * Converging indicators of autonomic reactivity, psychomotor skill and cognitive function should be used to evaluate crewmember's functional state. * These measures should also allow determination of whether or not to modify crewmember's workload (for example) and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures. HEDS54B Human Sensors and Instrumentation * Instrumentation to be used for in-flight and ground-based studies for reliable and accurate non-invasive monitoring of human physiological functions, such as the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurological, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, immuno-hematological, and hematological systems. * Improve non-invasive methods to evaluate the functioning of the cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, and pulmonary systems. * Non-invasive instruments to provide quantitative data to establish the effectiveness of an exercise regimen in ground-based research. * Smart sensors capable of sensor data processing and sensor reconfiguration. * Ultrasonic Doppler systems for blood flow analysis. * Virtual medical instrumentation. * Automated biomedical analysis. * Microgravity blood, urine, and respiratory gas analyzers. * Microgravity refrigeration systems for the storage of biological samples and incorporating refrigerants acceptable for use in a spacecraft environment. HEDS54C Telemedicine Telemedicine, the integration of telecommunications, computer, and medical technologies, permits NASA medical doctors and researchers on Earth to monitor the health and physiology of astronauts in space. Innovative technologies are being sought to support the current flight programs (Space Shuttle and the International Space Station), and future Space exploration programs. Innovations in the following areas of telemedicine technology are being sought: * Biomedical monitoring and sensing involves the acquisition, processing, communication, and display of electrical, physical, or chemical aspects of a human's health or physiologic state. This mode of telemedicine may be used for real time monitoring or for store-and-forward applications. * Interactive telecommunication, with parties at both ends communicating via voice and video in real time (e.g., patient-physician consultations), and store-and-forward, with video and audio clips transmitted for review at a later time (e.g., physician-physician consultations that are not dependent on immediate review). * Static imaging-single-frame visual images, typically of much higher resolution than is required for interactive consultations (which are generally of a resolution similar to a commercial TV picture). Examples include teleradiology, telepathology, and teledermatology. Although configured as a store-and-forward technology, static imaging may also be done in real time. * Autonomous systems for support of medical care and training, where the experience of experts on the ground is programmed into a computer system to provide that expertise to flight personnel in space. The data rate and interactivity of the telemedicine modalities are quite different. The hardware, software, and communications requirements for these modalities are likewise very different. Information indexing and retrieval, and the management of large databases are also essential components of telemedicine. The following telemedicine enhancing technologies are of particular interest: * Small, portable, medical diagnostic equipment (digital X-ray and ultrasound imaging systems) capable of being deployed and used in space, with provision for downlinking the data to physicians on the ground. * Non-invasive, in-vivo, biosensors for monitoring blood chemistry, gases, calcium ions, electrolytes, cellular components, proteins, lipids, and hormones. * Real time, in-vitro, urine chemistry sensors for automated urine chemistry analysis in a smart toilet. * Small, low power, wireless communication systems, for bidirectional data/ command communication between instrumented astronauts and spacecraft subsystems. * Advanced human/computer interface systems for improved immersion in virtual and augmented realities in support of medical operations. * Expert systems to support medical diagnosis and treatment. * Virtual reality medical training system to support in-flight training on medical diagnosis and procedures. * Augmented reality supervisory system to support medical treatment and minor surgery. * Improved data mining technology for on-orbit access to medical and training databases. * Data compression technology that permits accurate medical diagnosis after decompression. Proposals must support telemedical applications and provide innovation beyond current commercial technology. Telemedicine air/ground communications are supported through existing spacecraft communication channels for voice, video, and data. HEDS55 Environmental Monitoring Technologies * Real-time, quantitative, compound-specific analyzers for trace contaminants in spacecraft atmospheres and/or recycled water. Of particular interest are the quantitative measurement and removal of organic contaminants. These sensors are used for support of control functions or safety precautionary measures including providing outputs for caution and warning displays. * Maintenance of microbial quality of the atmosphere, water and surfaces during space flight and means of assessing their effectiveness, including new, clinical microbiological methods for rapid identification of pathogens, methods for measuring biofilms, and novel systems for sterilization. * In-flight monitoring of non-ionizing, neutron and charged particle radiation for determining interior and exterior environment of manned spacecraft, organ doses and the cytogenic and carcinogenic effects of protons and heavy ions, especially at low doses; measurement of effectiveness of radio-protectants and development of new radio-protectants against acute and late cellular effects of particulate and high energy cosmic radiation; development of biomarkers and amplified assays for measuring radiosensitivity and genetic damages by charged particle radiation in human cells; development of computer biophysical models for organ dose calculation and for extrapolation of radiation data from cells to humans. HEDS56 Spacecraft Life Support Infrastructure Lead Center: JSC Participating Center(s): ARC, JPL, KSC, MSFC Advanced life support systems are essential for the success of future human planetary exploration. Striving for self-sufficiency and autonomous operation, future life support systems will integrate physical, chemical, and biological processes. These hybrid systems, which include plant growth systems for the production of food and oxygen and utilization of recovered wastes, represent an additional closure of regenerative life support systems to further reduce mass and to promote self-sufficiency. Requirements include safe operability in micro-and partial-gravity, high reliability, minimal use of expendables, ease of maintenance, and low system volume, weight and power. Innovative, efficient, practical concepts are desired in all areas of regenerative physicochemical and biological processes for the basic life-support functions of air revitalization, water reclamation, waste management, plant food production, and sensors and controls. Also innovative, cost-effective concepts are desired to assess, predict, control and enhance the effect of microgravity and partial-gravity on the operation and performance of physicochemical and biological life support technologies including approaches to safely integrate flight experiments into the International Space Station. In addition to these space exploration related applications, innovative regenerative life support approaches that could have terrestrial application are encouraged. Proposals should strive to conduct Phase-II experimental development that could be integrated into a functional life support system. Areas in which innovations are solicited include the following: HEDS56A Air Revitalization: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and trace gas contaminant concentration, separation, and control techniques. * Separation of carbon dioxide from a mixture primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor to maintain carbon dioxide concentrations below 0.3 % by volume. * Separation of nitrogen and oxygen from carbon dioxide to reduce concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen to less than 0.2 % by volume. * Removal of trace contaminant gases from cabin air with advanced regenerable sorbent materials, improved oxidation techniques or other methods. * Compression of a high humidity 0.167 kg/hr (0.367 lb/hr) carbon dioxide stream from a very low pressure level of 0.7-1.4 kPa (0.1-0.2 psia) up to moderate storage pressure level of 345-517 kPa (50-75 psia). HEDS56B Water Reclamation: Efficient, direct treatment of waste water (e.g., urine, wash water, and condensates) without requiring expendables to produce potable and hygiene water including stabilization of waste water and purge gases prior to storage, processing, or overboard-venting. In particular, processes are required that reduce impurities in composite waste streams from greater than 1000 ppm total organic carbon (TOC) content to less than 0.25 ppm TOC and inorganic salts from greater than 1000 ppm dissolved solids to less than 50 ppm. * Removal of ammonium ion from bioreactor process effluent streams from 1000 ppm to less than 0.25 ppm. * Post-treatment of processed water by in-situ organic removal from 100 ppm TOC to less than 0.25 ppm TOC and removal of microorganisms from >ten million CFU per ml to one CFU per ml. * Methods to optimize two-phase fluid movement, measurement and phase separation of waste water in a microgravity environment. * Development of nitrifying bioreactors capable of at least 75% nitrification of a 1000 ppm ammonium feedstream. * Methods to enhance oxygenation of water in a microgravity environment, specifically to levels above 25 ppm dissolved oxygen. * Methods of cold sterilization, including filtration, ultraviolet radiation and in-situ-generated hydrogen peroxide. * Non-expendable methods to control urine solids formation (e.g., calcium phosphate), compatible with a bioprocessing system (i.e., no acid). * Methods to minimize or limit biofilm formation on fluid handling components (such as electromechanical flowmeters, regulators, checkvalves, etc). * Methods to enhance biofilm formation on polymeric and/or ceramic substrates in metal housings. HEDS56C Waste Management: Biological and physicochemical technologies for recovering resources (e.g., carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.) from wastes (trash, plant biomass, human fecal wastes, etc.). Existing technology examples follow for which significant improvements may be proposed, but new technology approaches are encouraged. * Waste stabilization and pretreatment, including microbial control techniques. * Waste processing techniques such as, but not limited to, incineration, aerobic biodigestion, anaerobic biodigestion, wet oxidation, supercritical oxidation, steam reforming, electrochemical oxidation and catalytic oxidation. Any effective waste treatment technology can be considered. * Product and by-product post-treatment technologies that eliminate undesirable by-products such as nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide and stabilize the product for storage. HEDS56D Plant Growth and Food Production: Technologies for the controlled environment production of crop plants to produce food and to contribute to the reclamation of water, purification of air, and recovery of resources. * Crop Lighting: 1) sources for plant lighting such as, but not limited to, high-efficiency lamps or solar collectors; 2) transmission and distribution systems for plant lighting including, but not limited to, luminaires, light pipes and fiber optics; and 3) heat removal techniques for the plant growth lighting such as, but not limited to, water-jackets, water barriers, and wavelength-specific filters and reflectors. * Water and nutrient delivery systems, including 1) technologies for production of crops using hydroponics or solid substrates; 2) water and nutrient management systems; 3) sanitation methods to prevent excessive build-up of microorganisms within nutrient delivery systems; 4) regenerable media for seed germination plant support; 5) separation and recovery of usable minerals from wastewater and solid waste products for use as a source of mineral nutrients for plant growth. * Mechanization and automation of propagation, seeding, and plant biomass processing. Plant biomass processing includes harvesting, separation of inedibles from edibles, cleaning and storage of edibles (seed, vegetable, and tubers) and removal of inedibles for resource recovery processing. * Facility or system sanitation methods to prevent excessive build-up of microorganisms within nutrient delivery systems. * Health measurement of plant growth systems from parameters such as rate of photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, nutrient uptake. Data acquisition should be non-invasive or remotely sensed using spectral, spatial, and image analysis. System modeling and decision-making algorithms may be included. HEDS56E Sensors: Significant improvements in accuracy, operational reliability, real-time multiple measurement functions, in-line operation, self-calibration, and low energy consumption for monitoring and control of the life support processes. Species of interest include nutrient composition of plant growth hydroponic delivery systems, dissolved gases and ions in water reclamation processes, and major atmospheric gaseous constituents in air revitalization processes. Both invasive and non-invasive techniques will be considered. HEDS57 Space Crew Accommodations and Performance Enhancements Lead Center: JSC The goal of this subtopic is to improve crew and ground operations performance and productivity in a system context, documenting the cost-effectiveness of the improvements; and to develop innovative concepts in crew accommodations, equipment, and computer-based support which will enable complex, future human space missions including missions of 5 years without resupply. As NASA develops new operational capabilities to support multiple manned missions, and long duration and long distance missions, dramatic improvements will be needed in crew and ground operations performance and productivity. The crew will be increasingly autonomous from the ground, with significant control and maintenance responsibilities. However, the crew will not have the time or expertise to function primarily as operators in an onboard control center or as maintenance personnel. Science activities and operations will produce large volumes of data that will influence decisions about subsequent science activities and operations. Responsibility for updating operations software and associated data and knowledge bases will shift from software specialists to engineers, operations personnel and crew. Communications constraints and increased autonomy will limit ground support. Budgetary constraints and mission complexity will drive innovations in system design, crew accommodations and equipment to make ground support, mission preparation and training more productive. Specific areas of interest for innovations in space crew accommodations and performance enhancements include: HEDS58 Human Factors Lead Center: JSC Methods to better predict and analyze crew performance and environmental variables will facilitate effective mission planning and task/function allocation. Better equipment for crew support will enable enhanced performance. Specific areas of interest for innovations in human factors areas include: * Advanced methods for collecting and analyzing human performance with minimal human operator involvement. For example, methods for automatically identifying categories of performance from videotaped records, such as time spent at a given task, time spent in translation, and time spent in interaction with other crew members. * New technology in the area of passive human posture, position tracking, and kinematics in 3D capable of accuracy better than 5 mm, with sample rates greater than 50 Hz for the whole body, all the major limbs, and head. * Technologies or tools to evaluate, measure or enhance habitability including spacecraft interior layout, illumination and material reflectivity, and lightweight acoustic control methods. An area of special interest would be in techniques for reconfiguring spacecraft habitable areas including stowage, galley, sleep compartments, waste management systems, etc., for optimal use in both micro-g during transit to a planetary surface, and in partial-g on the planetary surface. * New calculation and mapping techniques for acoustics and vibration, with emphasis on potential impact to habitable environments. * New technology in illumination, particularly solid state (LED) technology. Luminaires with life times greater than 50,000 hours, with selectable color temperatures ranging between 3000 and 6000 deg Kelvin. Efficiencies of 40 to 50 lumens per watt are desired. * New technology for illumination modeling, evaluation, and design with particular attention to real-time displays of shadowing, glare, bloom, and energy distribution. HEDS59 Onboard Crew Support Systems Lead Center: JSC Extended human exploration missions, including Earth-orbit and planetary transit and surface missions, require new and improved food processing and storage systems, personal hygiene systems, crew equipment, housekeeping techniques, and in-flight maintenance tools, techniques, and software to ensure optimum crew performance and productivity. Specific areas of interest include the following: HEDS60 Food Systems Lead Center: JSC * Extended duration missions require food with 3 to 5 years of shelf life. This shelf life extension may be accomplished through packaging and preservation technologies that minimize waste, and improve acceptability and food safety. * Long shelf life palatable dairy products are needed. * Food packaging waste is a problem for all missions and methods for reducing food waste are desired. Food waste on Shuttle is currently returned to Earth for disposal. * Advanced food preparation equipment and processes for heating, chilling, rehydration, ease of handling in micro-gravity, and food service onboard space vehicles are also needed. Current capabilities include a forced air convection oven for Shuttle and a microwave/forced air convection oven is being developed for the International Space Station. Shuttle has no freezers or refrigerators, but these are planned for the International Space Station. * Processing and preparation of chamber-grown wheat, rice, soybeans, sweet potatoes and potatoes into edible foods in partial gravity (1/6 - 1/3 g) is a high priority for planetary based missions. Methods for converting these crops to edible ingredients and/or foods in a closed environment, while optimizing crew time, volume, power, water usage, and generated waste are needed. Products of interest include oil, sugar, and meat and dairy analogs. HEDS61 Crew Equipment Lead Center: JSC * Personal hygiene systems in a zero-gravity environment. Examples: total body cleaning, hair grooming, cleansing agents compatible with closed-loop life support systems. * Personal crew equipment: flame and soil resistant clothing, portable lighting, safety and emergency equipment, and body and equipment restraints. * Housekeeping for zero-gravity including: habitat cleaning, trash management, apparel cleaning, particulate reduction and control, and cleansing agents compatible with closed-loop life support systems. * Tools, techniques, and software for an in-flight maintenance system to maintain a complex system, including expert diagnostics, in-flight manufacturing tools/techniques. HEDS62 Crew Training and Space and Ground Operations Lead Center: JSC Dramatic improvements will be needed in crew and ground operations performance and productivity as NASA develops new operational capabilities to support multiple manned missions, and long duration and long distance missions. Robotic, vehicle and support systems will be required to be more robust, autonomous and intelligent, and more maintainable. These capabilities will allow operators to "buy time" by increasing system mean time between failures, predicting when intervention will be needed, managing degraded operations, and using functional redundancy. Advanced capabilities for information and data analysis and presentation, onboard planning, execution and fault management will be needed to assist the crew. Sophisticated training and maintenance support systems and a robust knowledge base will be needed onboard, and will need to be well integrated with increasingly advanced control and maintenance systems. Ground support operations will need to be redesigned to support the increasing autonomy of space systems and onboard crew. There will need to be advanced support for distributed and adjustable command responsibility, and distributed and flexible training. Significantly more productive and intuitive approaches are needed to updating, adapting, testing and certifying advanced distributed operations software and knowledge bases during missions. Specific areas of interest in the areas of crew training, and in flight and ground operations, include: HEDS63 Crew Training and Maintenance Support Systems Lead Center: JSC * Flexible training and tutoring systems for mission operations support, including distributed cooperative training, virtual reality training, intelligent computer-based training, and authoring tools. * Integration of training with advanced control and maintenance systems. * Tools to collect/capture and tailor design-time information for use in developing training materials. * Procedures or technology for evaluating effectiveness of innovative training methods. HEDS64 Data Management, Data Analysis, and Presentation and Human Interaction Lead Center: JSC * Methods for selecting and summarizing vehicle systems and payload data relating to status and events, to support crew and ground awareness, operational decision-making, and management by exception and opportunity rather than by continuous or scheduled monitoring. * Human interaction methods for collaboration, cooperation and supervision of intelligent semi-autonomous systems. * Goal-driven collaborative data analysis systems capable of adaptation and learning. * Simple systems for notification and coordination, including natural language interfaces. * Immersive environments: real-time environments to enhance a human operator's ability to interact with large quantities of complex data, especially at distant locations. * Intelligent data analysis techniques: capabilities to interpret, explain, explore, and classify large quantities of heterogeneous data. HEDS65 Robust Planning, Operations, Fault Detection, and Recovery with Distributed Adjustable Command Responsibility Lead Center: JSC * Onboard planning, sequencing, monitoring, and re-planning of activities, including systems and crew activities. * Flexible management of the actions of subsystems within the larger context of system flight rules and constraints. * Flexible and robust fault management approaches that use system models, "buy time" for human intervention and maintenance, and learn from human operators during and after the interventions. * Approaches to distributed and adjustable command responsibilities among systems, crew and ground. * Model-based continuous estimation of the likelihood of critical events, including human errors, to provide warnings of potential events and their consequences, and to suggest appropriate countermeasures. * Integration of systems for fault management, maintenance and training. HEDS66 Operations Knowledge Management and Software Updating Lead Center: JSC * Systems and processes for crew and ground operators to quickly and effectively define, update, test and certify operational knowledge and rule bases before and during missions, designed for reuse in autonomous systems and in training. * Tools for incorporating and using engineering data and specifications (about equipment and its operating modes and failures and about operations procedures) into operations knowledge and model-based autonomous systems. * Tools and environments to support modification and validation of knowledge bases (models of activities, equipment and environment) in intelligent autonomous software by operators, to capture methods and knowledge used by operators during interventions and to collaboratively adapt to unanticipated circumstances. * Simulation environments and tools for use in designing and testing intelligent semi-autonomous systems. HEDS67 Extravehicular Mobility/Activity Lead Center: JSC Advanced extravehicular activity (EVA) systems are necessary for the successful support of future human space missions. Complex missions require innovative approaches for maximizing human productivity and for providing the capability to perform useful work tasks. Requirements include reduction of system hardware weight and volume; increased hardware reliability, durability, and operating lifetime (before resupply, recharge and maintenance, or replacement is necessary); reduced hardware and software costs; increased human comfort; and less-restrictive work performance capability in the space environment, in hazardous ground-level contaminated atmospheres, or in extreme ambient thermal environments. All proposals must lead to specific Phase-II experimental development that could be integrated into a functional EVA system. Additional design information on advanced EVA systems can be found in the EVA Technology Roadmap of the EVA Project Plan. Areas in which innovations are solicited include the following: HEDS68 Environmental Protection Lead Center: JSC * Radiation protection technologies that protect the suited crewmember from radiation particles. * Puncture protection technologies that provide self-sealing capabilities when a puncture occurs and minimizes punctures and cuts from sharp objects. * Dust and abrasion protection materials to exclude dust and withstand abrasion. * Thermal insulation suitable for use in low ambient pressure, but not vacuum, environment. HEDS69 EVA Mobility Lead Center: JSC * Space suit gloves, produced with size-reproducible manufacturing processes, that provide highly dexterous hand, fingers, and thumb mobility and tactile sensitivity, and that incorporate active thermal control capability for removing and/or adding heat, depending upon external ambient thermal conditions and hand-grasp surface temperature. * Space suit soft joints that provide dual-axis capability and low torque in rotational components and that also minimize stowage volume, and that are lightweight, low cost, and large range. * Space suit shoulder that can accommodate large range of suit pressures from 3.5 to 8.3 psi, and is low torque, lightweight, and low cost. * Space suit low profile waist-bearing that maximizes torso rotation that is necessary for partial gravity mobility requirements and is also lightweight and low cost. HEDS70 Life Support System Lead Center: JSC * Long-life and high-capacity chemical oxygen storage systems for an emergency supply of oxygen for breathing, such as: * Innovative alternatives to chlorate candles that provide reliable backup oxygen supply. * Potassium superoxide/fullerene stowage of oxygen to reduce volume. * Low-venting or non-venting regenerable individual life support subsystem(s) concepts for crewmember cooling, heat rejection, and removal of expired water vapor and carbon dioxide. * Fuel cell technology that can provide power to a space suit. * Convection and freezable radiators that will be low cost and weight for thermal control. * Water membrane evaporator that can provide reliable cooling at Mars pressure. * Microencapsulated wax and carbon brush garments that provide direct thermal control to crewmember. * High reliability pumps and fans. * CO2 and humidity control devices which, while minimizing expendables, function in a CO2 environment. HEDS71 Sensors/Communications/Cameras Lead Center: JSC * Information displays and input and output interfaces for use by the EVA-suited individual, including displays for obtaining status information of and/or controlling systems performance or work-task related equipment. * CO2, bio-med, and core temperature sensors with reduced size, lightweight, increased reliability, and packaging flexibility. * IR camera that displays temperature of environment for safe handling of objects and are integratable into a spacesuit. * Visual camera that provides excellent environment awareness for crewmember and public and are integratable into a spacesuit. * Microphone on glove that detects flows and proper operation of equipment by glove sound sensors. * Mini-mass spectrometer that detects N2, CO2, NH4, O2, and hydrazine partial pressures. * Radio/laser communications that provides good communications among crew and base. HEDS72 Integration Lead Center: JSC * Robotics interfaces that permit autonomous robot control by voice control via EVA. * Minimum loss airlock providing quick exit and entry. * Recharge and checkout systems that lower EVA overhead time for crew. * Work tools that assist the EVA crewmember during movement in zero-gravity and at worksites. Specifically, devices that provide temporary attachments, that rigidly restrain equipment to other equipment and the EVA crewmember, and that contain provisions for tethering and storage of loose articles such as tool sockets and extensions. * Surface mobility devices for EVA crewmembers. HEDS73 Robotic Manipulators, End-Effectors and Joints Lead Center: JSC Participating Center(s): KSC Proposals are solicited for innovative concepts that will both increase robotic dexterity manipulation capabilities, and reachability, and also increase capabilities for humans to interact with and to control robotic systems to perform on-orbit operations while minimizing the workload to EVA and IVA astronauts, and ground operators. Proposals should address issues associated with space compatibility. Specific areas of interest include the following: * Increased power-to-weight ratio and reduced scale actuators including magnetostrictive motors and synthetic muscles. * Miniaturized actuator control and drive electronics. * Miniaturized sensing systems for manipulator position, rate, acceleration, force and torque. * Robotic grasping and handling systems that accommodate existing EVA tools, including human-sized multi-fingered dexterous end-effectors. * Anthropomorphic systems. * Sensor-guided tools providing higher precision or lower contact forces. * Planetary robotic mobility systems and devices. Robots will be needed to work with and transport humans and equipment on a planetary surface. Examples include novel rover drive systems, suspension systems, and manipulators systems. * Low-mass and low power devices for site setup, operation, and planetary surface exploration. Novel mechanisms are needed to enable human exploration and habitation of planetary bodies. Examples include site clearing and setup devices, equipment deployment devices, sample collection and manipulation devices, instrument placement devices, and the actuation components for these devices. * An electrically-operated robotic arm suitable for handling moderately heavy payloads from a mobile vehicle in a hazardous environment. Unit should be suitable for use in a Class One, Division One, Group A environment. HEDS74 Human/Robotic Interface Lead Center: JSC Participating Center(s): KSC Proposals that improve operator efficiency via advanced displays, controls and telepresence interfaces, improve ground based robotic control technology, and improve the ability of humans and computers to seamlessly control robotic systems are sought. Specific technology requirements include the following: * Tactile feedback devices that provide operator awareness of contact between work space objects and the robot structure. Key aspects of this technology are ergonomics and safety. * Force feedback devices that provide operator awareness of manipulator and payload inertia, gripping force, and forces and moments due to contact with external objects. Key aspects of this technology are ergonomics and safety. * Stereo graphic display systems that provide high-fidelity depth perception, field of view, and high resolution. * Ground-based control technology which is able to compensate for time delays of several seconds. * User interface that does not require the operator to wear exoskeletons to control the motions of the robot. * Tracking position and orientation of user appendages, (i.e., head, arms, fingers, eyes) for the purpose of providing motion commands to the robot. Key aspects of this technology are to free the operator of any exoskeletons or devices attached to the body that impede or restrict operator movements. * Adaptive fault tolerant software: Systems capable of dynamic reconfiguration and learning. * Intelligent autonomous systems: Artificial intelligence based systems and architectures, with provision for crew oversight. HEDS75 Advanced Manufacturing and Nanotechnology Lead Center: JSC Proposals are sought to establish and maintain state-of-the-art applications of nanotechnology, manufacturing, hardware production, and manufacturing processes, as they relate to future human spacecraft. Proposals in the following areas should be focused on hardware or software products. HEDS76 Nanotechnology Lead Center: JSC Applications of nanotechnology should focus on long-duration space missions and habitats. Revolutionary designs and concepts are sought using the extraordinary properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes in areas such as high strength materials and composites, energy storage, nanoelectronics, and thermal protection, among others. Nanotube composites (polymer or metal matrix) are of particular interest because of the great possibilities of using these materials with ultra-high strength. Also of interest are innovative techniques for bulk production of single-wall nanotubes, and production of exceptionally long and/or aligned nanotubes, necessary for such applications as composites. HEDS77 Manufacturing Technology Lead Center: JSC Rapid prototyping using the Stereolithography (SLA) and Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM) techniques to produce functional prototypes and working models, including use of single-wall nanotubes. Composites manufacturing using fiber placement, filament winding, laminations, pultrusion, and Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) techniques. Manufacture and precision of miniature mechanical components. Friction stir weld and laser weld processes. HEDS78 Machine Tool Programming Lead Center: JSC Program and verify computer-numerical control (CNC) machinery using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) programs. Machine tool operations of interest include multi-axis milling. HEDS79 Cryogenic Fluids, Handling, and Storage Lead Center: GRC Participating Center: JSC Component or concept proposals are being solicited to improve the performance, operating efficiency safety and reliability of cryogenic fluid storage and handling in all gravity environments (10-6 g to 1 g) and Martian surface environments (i.e., dust, CO2 atmosphere). Tanks of high-energy propellant fluids, stored in their most efficient state, as low-pressure subcritical cryogenic fluids are susceptible to fluid loss through environmental heating. Novel concepts are being solicited to significantly reduce the heat conduction through tank supports and penetrations and reduce solar radiation losses with insulating materials or by intercepting shields. The ability to transfer cryogenic liquids in nominal, reduced and low gravity conditions from storage vessels or production facilities to user tankage is also critical. Cryogenic fluids are used for life support, propulsion, and power systems. Innovations in the following areas are needed: * Lightweight, low thermal conductivity cryogenic tank strut and support concepts. * Low thermal conductivity cryogenic tank penetrations, i.e., instrumentation feed-throughs, feedlines, vent lines. * Lightweight, insulating thermal protection schemes. * Robust insulation concepts for multiple launch/landing and ambient/vacuum pressure cycles. * Devices for vapor-free acquisition of cryogenic liquids. * Small, low power, lightweight (2 liter/minute) liquid oxygen transfer pumps. * Tank pressure control (e.g., thermodynamic vent) and/or integrated tank boiloff control and product liquefaction technologies. * Lightweight mechanical fittings and flexhoses with low heat leak. * Autonomous cryogenic disconnects and couplings. * Flowmeters and densitometers for measurement of densified, multi-phase cryogens at flow rates of 1.4 to 5.6 liters per second. * Instrumentation for monitoring cryogens in low gravity including mass quantity gauging, liquid-vapor sensing and free surface imaging. Cryogenic Pumping Systems without cryogenic seals. As an example, magnetically coupled pumps that can handle Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Liquid Oxygen (LO2) or Liquid Hydrogen (LH2). Magnetically coupled pumps eliminate one of the significant leak potentials in today's ground systems. Cryogenic Quick Disconnects are particulate sensitive. Mating these disconnects remotely raises concern of seal damage and subsequent leaks at cryogenic temperatures. QDs in all sizes (0.25 to 10.0 inch diameter) are needed for future exploration missions and future launch vehicles. Cryogenic Couplings are also particulate and scratch sensitive. Development of robust sealing couplings that are compatible with cryogenic temperatures and Liquid Oxygen compatible are also needed for future exploration missions and future launch vehicles. Diameters of 0.25 to 10.0 inches. HEDS80 Cell System Biotechnology Lead Center: KSC Instrumentation to analyze cell reactor systems and characterize cell structure in micro-gravity in order to develop enhanced drug therapies that can also be applied to pharmaceutical development and commercialization. Biomedical and Agricultural Instrumentation or techniques that exploit space-derived capabilities or data to support the commercial development of space by the agricultural, medical or pharmaceutical industry. This includes, in particular: * Innovative techniques for dynamic control and cryogenic preservation of protein crystals. * Innovations in preparation of protein crystals for x-ray diffraction experiments without the use of frangible materials. * Physiological measurement in micro-g of bone growth and immune system in micro-g. * Agricultural research, i.e., genetic engineering of plants using micro-g. * Innovative research in plant-derived pharmaceuticals using micro-g. HEDS81 Materials Science Lead Center: KSC * Applications using space-grown semiconductor crystals including epitaxially grown materials for commercial electronic devices. The applications will also attempt to use the knowledge of the space-grown material behavior to enhance ground processing of the materials to achieve equivalent performance of space-grown materials in electronic circuitry. * Applications using space-grown optical electronic materials such as fluoride glasses and non-linear optical compounds for commercial optical electronic devices and to achieve equivalent performance of space-grown materials in ground processing. * Innovations using non-linear optical material to be processed in space. * Innovations for new space-processed glasses for optical electronic applications. HEDS82 Microgravity Payloads Lead Center: KSC * Design/develop microgravity payloads for space station applications that lead to commercial products or services. * Enabling commercial technologies that promote the human exploration and development of space. HEDS83 Combustion Science Lead Center: KSC Innovative applications in combustion research that will lead to developing commercial products or improved processes through the unique properties of space or through enhanced or innovative techniques on the ground. HEDS84 Food Technology Lead Center: KSC Innovative applications of space research in food technology that will lead to developing commercial food products or improved food processes through the unique properties of space or through enhanced or innovative techniques on the ground. HEDS85 Outreach Lead Center: KSC NASA wants to provide to the general public, schools and industry, access to its science and technology. To accomplish this aim, the ability to receive, process and display telemetry, view video from science sources, including the ISS, and talk to NASA about the science and operations is required. There are many potential users for NASA services and data located throughout the U.S. There are four general types of users for NASA activities. The first type is the principle investigator who is responsible for the spacecraft, experiment and attendant science and commands the payload or experiment. The second type is the secondary investigator(s) who participate in analysis of the science and its control but does not send commands. The third type is the educational user from graduate students to secondary school students. These users will receive data either processed by the PI or unprocessed. The last type of user is the general public user who is interested in science that is being conducted. Public participation will generally be benign in that they will receive voice, video and processed data but generally will not be allowed to be interactive. To conduct or be involved in general science activities including the ISS science operations a user will require various services from the Payload Operations Integration Center (POIC) located in Huntsville, Alabama, or other control centers located at various NASA facilities. These services are required to enable the experiment to be controlled using the inputs from various video sources, telemetry and the crew. Inputs allow the experimenter to send to their spacecraft or experiment commands to change various experiment operations. Before an experiment can get underway, an experimenter must participate in the payload planning process to schedule on board services like electricity, crew time and cryogenics. This planning process is integral to the entire payload operation and requires the PI or PI's representatives to participate via voice or video teleconferencing. To enable users to operate from their home base, whether it be their lab, office or home, these services (commensurate to the level of their operation) must be provided at their location at a reasonable cost for both the platform upon which these services will run and the communications required to get these services to the experimenter's location. For this solicitation provide a system or systems based on commercial solutions to allow participation in NASA science programs down to the science and operational levels. Provide to the general public, access to NASA science activities and operations through low cost technologies. Provide access to and the ability to participate in science activities by secondary and college level students, and finally, provide access to institutions and organizations who promote the use of science and technologies, e.g., museums, space camps. HEDS86 Advance Space Communications and Operations Lead Center: KSC For frequent, affordable, capable space missions in the 21st century, key technologies that contribute to lowering life-cycle costs and increasing scientific returns are required. This includes technologies, concepts, and advanced techniques for reliable telecommunication services, microelectronics, flight computing, autonomous spacecraft guidance, navigation, tracking and control, 'intelligent' and automated ground and flight systems, data transfer, handling and storage, high-speed data communications networks. For NASA's use of commercial services, advanced techniques and products that support commercial LEO/MEO/GEO satellite networks are needed. Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (LMSA) The Mission The mission of NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) Enterprise is to make possible the permanent extension of human presence beyond the bounds of Earth. While doing this, HEDS shall also enable historic enhancements in our understanding of the Solar System and the Universe, and implement significant improvements in the health, safety and quality of life for space travelers and people of earth. The mission is separated into the following themes: * Explore the Space Frontier * Expand Scientific Knowledge * Enable Humans to Live and Work Permanently in Space * Enable the Commercial Development of Space * Share the Experience and Benefits of Discovery The Goals Within HEDS, the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (OLMSA) has fundamental goals to: * expand the frontier of space progressively through human exploration missions, * to increase human knowledge of nature's processes using the environment of space for scientific research, and commercial development, and * to enrich life on Earth through people living and working in space. The scientific and technological programs within OLMSA are organized into the disciplines and sub-disciplines listed below. Detailed descriptions of the year to year goals of the program can be found in the NASA Research Announcements that are posted on the internet at: http://peer1.idi.usra.edu The specific objectives of the different disciplines may change slightly from year to year, but the general objectives remain relatively constant. For a more detailed description of the program, a visit to the Task Book section of the aforementioned web site is recommended. Here a year by year breakdown of all research funded by the Life Sciences program and the Microgravity Research program can be found with an abstract, name of principal investigators and publications for that year. Life Sciences Advanced Human Support Technology Program The Advanced Human Support Technology Program supports NASA and Life Sciences Division goals and objectives by supporting the development of technology enabling space missions. The program has three elements: LMSA1 Space Human Factors Engineering (SHFE) - designed to integrate knowledge about human capabilities and system engineering methodologies into space craft design, mission planning, and related ground operations. Current emphases are on: * Advanced Displays and Controls Development (AD&CD) * Human-machine Function * Interaction Among Intelligent Agent * Intravehicular (IVA) and Extravehicular Activity (EVA) * Analog Studies * Situational Awareness * Human Communication * Human Engineering Methodologies * Space Workstations Concepts * Telescience, Training, and Maintenance * Strength Contact: Dr. Guy Fogleman, (202) 358-2217 LMSA2 Advanced Life Support Program - was initiated to develop regenerative life support systems directed at NASA's future long- duration missions. Such missions, which can last from months to years, make re-supply impractical and necessitate self-sufficiency. Thus, subsystems must be developed to fully recycle air and water, recover resources from solid wastes, grow plants for food, process raw plant products into nutritious and palatable foods, control the thermal environment, and control the overall system. Program emphases include: * Adapting commercial membranes to the removal of carbon dioxide from an EVA system * Water recovery technologies * Solid waste * Plant production * Food processing and storage * Thermal control systems * Monitoring and control * Extravehicular Activities (EVA) Contact: Dr. Guy Fogleman, (202) 358-2217 LMSA3 Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control (AEMC) develops advanced technologies which monitor the physical environments of both the human compartments and life support systems of current and future space craft, extravehicular systems and, wherever possible, ensures that these technologies find application in the commercial sector. Is currently emphasizing sensor technology for monitoring the environment: * Water Quality Monitors and Sensors * Microbiology Monitors and Sensors * Air Quality Sensors and Monitors * Technologies that can monitor multiple media (e.g., air and water) * Technologies to Improve Extra Vehicular Activity Garments Contact: Dr. Guy Fogleman, (202) 358-2217 Biomedical Research and Countermeasures Program The current goals are: (1) to integrate the physiological and behavioral responses that are responsible for space flight-related biomedical changes in humans and risk assessment to human health and performance, and (2) to develop countermeasures that allow humans to live and work in microgravity for durations over a year; minimize the risks in readapting to Earth's gravity; and optimize crew safety, well-being, and performance. The emphasis of the ground-based component of this research program is to study problems associated with the extended periods of flight that will be characteristic of International Space Station (ISS) missions or of missions to explore the solar system. The Biomedical Research and Countermeasures Program includes five Biomedical Countermeasure research elements: 1) Radiation Health; 2) Behavior and Performance; 3) Physiology; 4) Environmental Health; and 5) Operational and Clinical research. Research will develop, test, and validate effective countermeasures to reduce risk of acute and chronic health problems and of psychological and behavioral problems that increase risk of mortality and morbidity of crew; decrease their productivity in flight, on the moon or on another planetary surface; or prevent their resumption of a full and healthy life on Earth. At this time, the Program is emphasizing development of countermeasures to bone loss, undesirable balance and gait disorders observed after spaceflight and space flight related muscle wasting. The program especially encourages research and development of countermeasures that protect against multiple risks: examples include centrifugation or exercise. LMSA4 Radiation Health Research will enable a permanent human presence in space without exceeding acceptable risk from space radiation. Research Disciplines in this element include: Radiation Physics; Shielding Materials; Radiation Biology; Bioengineering and Radiation Protection; and Advanced Technology Development. Contact: Dr. David Tomko, (202) 358-2211 LMSA5 Behavior and Performance Research will provide knowledge for preventing psychological problems that could endanger the crew or compromise the mission and to enhance productivity in flight. Research in this element includes: Perception and Cognition; Human Physical Performance; Personal, Interpersonal and group dynamics; Habitability and Circadian Rhythms and Sleep; and Advanced Technology Development. Contact: Dr. Bette Siegel, (202) 358-2245 LMSA6 Physiology Research studies include research necessary to understand and to reduce risk of acute and chronic health problems that increase risk of mortality and morbidity of crew; decrease their productivity in flight, on the moon, or other planetary body; or prevent their resumption of a full and healthy life on Earth. Research includes: Fluid Volume and Cardiopulmonary Physiology; Musculoskeletal Physiology, Neuroscience; Immunology and Hematology; Nutrition and Metabolism; Integrative Physiology and Advance Technology Development. Contact: Dr. David Tomko, (202) 358-2211 LMSA7 Environmental Health Research examines the effects of the spacecraft environments on humans and other organisms; develops standards and countermeasures, where necessary, to optimize crew health, safety, and productivity (for intra-vehicular and extravehicular work). Research includes: Barophysiology, Microbiology, Toxicology and Advanced Technology Development. Contact: Dr. Bette Siegel, (202) 358-2245 LMSA8 Operational and Clinical Research supports safe and effective medical interventions for injury and illness by performing research on: Diagnosis and Therapy; Rehabilitation; and Advanced technology and Development. Contact: Dr. Victor Schneider, (202) 358-2204 Fundamental Biology Program The Gravitational Biology & Ecology Program conducts and supports fundamental biological research to investigate the role of gravity and associated space-related factors in living systems, from the sub-cellular and cellular level, to the whole organism. The major scientific objective of this program is to effectively use the space environment to expand our understanding of biological processes and to provide the fundamental biological knowledge necessary to support human space flight. Program elements and key questions: LMSA9 Molecular Structures and Physical Interactions - How do altered gravity and related spacecraft factors (lack of convective fluid movement, spacecraft vibration, space radiation, electromagnetic fields) affect the growth, development, and function of single-celled and multicellular organisms? Contact: Dr. David Liskowsky, (202) 358-1963 LMSA10 Cell and Molecular Biology - How do cells, unicellular organisms, or whole tissue respond to the space environment at the genetic, molecular, and cellular levels? Contact: Dr. David Liskowsky, (202) 358-1963 LMSA11 Developmental Biology - Does the space environment affect normal development and function, the capacity of organisms to reproduce, and the ability to produce subsequent generations? Contact: Dr. David Liskowsky, (202) 358-1963 LMSA12 Organismal & Comparative Biology - How does acute or chronic exposure to altered gravity, and other space-related factors, affect normal physiology, metabolism, and function of mature organisms? How do these responses differ among a wide diversity of organisms? Contact: Dr. David Liskowsky, (202) 358-1963 LMSA13 Evolutionary Biology - What is the role of gravity in the processes of biological evolution? What are the fundamental mechanisms and pathways by which multicellular organisms have evolved on Earth? Contact: Dr. David Liskowsky, (202) 358-1963 LMSA14 Gravitational Ecology - How might the space environment affect the structure, function, and possibly the evolution or stability of ecosystems, particularly as they might relate to spacecraft or planetary habitats? Contact: Dr. David Liskowsky, (202) 358-1963 Microgravity Research Division (MRD) The Microgravity Research Division (MRD) supports research in the areas of: LMSA15 Biotechnology Contact: Dr. Stephen Davison, (202) 358-0647 LMSA16 Combustion Science Contact: Dr. Merrill King, (202) 358-0817 LMSA17 Fluid Physics and Transport Phenomena Contact: Dr. Gerald Pitalo, (202) 358-0827 LMSA18 Fundamental Physics Contact: Dr. Mark Lee, (202) 358-0816 LMSA19 Materials Science Contact: Dr. Michael Wargo, (202) 358-0822 Within each of these programs, research has three primary objectives and a common secondary objective. Each sub-discipline emphasizes: 1. Experimental studies which increase the understanding of the sub-discipline, 2. Experiment concepts that will define and utilize new instruments for space-based experiments in the sub-discipline, and 3. Ground-based theoretical and experimental studies which will lead to the definition or enhance the understanding of existing or potential flight experiments in the subdiscipline, with emphasis on research leading to technologies required by future human space missions. Secondarily, to include objectives broadly emphasized by the civil space program, including: the advancement of economically significant technologies; technology infusion into the private sector; and enhancement of the diversity of participation in the space program, along with several objectives of specific importance to the microgravity science research program. These latter objectives include: a) the support of investigators in early stages of their careers (with the purpose of developing a community of established researchers for the International Space Station and other missions in the next 10-20 years) b) the pursuit of microgravity research that shows promise of contributing to economically significant advances in technology. Recently emphasis has been placed on ground- or flight-based theoretical and experimental studies with a focus on research that will provide a scientific foundation for technologies required by future human space missions; specifically, to improve and experimentally test radiation transport codes needed to develop a cost-and mission-effective radiation shielding strategy, and to identify materials processing issues, and propose and test processing strategies to enable human operations on extraterrestrial surfaces such as those on the Moon or Mars using in situ resource utilization (ISRU) concepts. Centers Ames Research Center ARC3.1 Effects of Gravity * Seek knowledge of physicochemical and biological phenomena at very low gravity levels * the role and influence of gravity on living systems * Conduct research on the ground and in space over a range of gravitational levels and with a variety of biological specimens * Develop specialized equipment and advanced technologies to support life-sciences research on the ground and in space * Integrate and disseminate acquired knowledge via information technology * understand the source or sources of two of the most commonly experienced, pervasive effects of weightlessness: space motion sickness and postflight orthostatic intolerance * compare existing invasive methods for measuring intercranial pressure (ICP) with an Ames-developed, noninvasive, ultrasonic measurement device * investigate the association between ICP and physiological symptoms experienced in space. * Refine countermeasures employed by the astronauts to relieve discomfort in space; * Research toward identifying the most effective countermeasure for cardiovascular deconditioning; * Understand the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular adaptation * Study chronic effects of adaptation to gravity * Study the calcium endocrine system and its role in regulating bone formation in space; * Examine the source of exercise-induced immune system depression to improve exercise countermeasure protocols for efficient immune function during extended space travel * Develop life-support methodologies including examination of new materials and techniques holding significant promise in reducing the potential hazards associated with re-release of contaminants during atmosphere regeneration due to on-orbit humidity swings. ARC3.2 CHAART (Center for Health Applications of Aerospace Related Technologies) The objectives of CHAART are to: * expand the use of aerospace-related technologies by the human health community through training, education, application projects, and direct transfer of proven technologies and knowledge to research/control agencies and universities * assist health investigators in the utilization of CHAART capabilities to achieve the goals and objectives of their research * assess existing and planned aerospace-related technologies for use in health research, and encourage appropriate developments for their application. Glenn Research Center GRC3.1 Microgravity Science - Combustion Science, Fluid Physics & Transport Phenomena, and Space-Based Processes NASA Glenn Research Center has a world-class and unique suite of ground-based microgravity research facilities that include: a 2.2 second drop tower, a 5 second zero-gravity facility and a reduced-gravity aircraft. These facilities are utilized to conduct micro- gravity research and to develop space flight experiments for longer duration microgravity experiments conducted on the Space Shuttle and planned for the International Space Station. Well equipped state-of-the-art laboratories are used to develop new diagnostic techniques/instruments especially suited for use in microgravity research on Earth as well as in space. The experiments conducted in space provide new knowledge that is used to improve processes and equipment used on Earth as well as for exploration of space. * Basic science investigations in combustion science, fluid physics and transport phenomena, and space-based processes devised to utilize microgravity environment of space Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC3.1 Shuttle Small Payload Projects The Shuttle Small Payloads Project (SSPP) provides flight carrier systems, payload integration, operations, and mission management for small payloads to be flown on the Space Shuttle or Space Station under the Get Away Special (GAS), Hitchhiker, Space Experiment Module (SEM), Complex Autonomous Payload (CAP), or other program designation as required. Payloads supported by SSPP include * technology development tests and demonstrations such as preflight of new sensor technology, earth science, space science, commercial, and education payloads. SSPP is specifically intended to provide low-cost and quick-reaction access to space for smaller, lower-cost payloads. The short time to flight supports innovation, flight demonstrations, and reduced technology development time. GSFC3.2 Spartan Projects Office * The Spartan Projects Office provides enabling orbital platforms normally deployed from the Space Shuttle for technology validation and infusion. Orbital platforms include Spartan Lite, Spartan 250 and Spartan 400, which have a mission lifetime from 2 weeks to 3 years, with an instrument weight from 100 to 2000lbs. The Spartan Lite platform can fly on an ELV. Johnson Space Center JSC3.1 Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Microgravity can be used to facilitate the separation and synthesis of medically important biological materials, as well as to enhance the formation of tissue like aggregates in specially designed bioreactors. Theoretical and experimental research includes * methods to improve cell culture techniques using normal and neoplastic cell types under microgravity conditions. JSC3.2 Biotechnology Cell Science Program This program uses the microgravity environment to help us understand the biological processes and to develop the technology required to overcome gravity-based limitations in cell culture and tissue engineering. We have developed bioreactors for the culture of cells using well-controlled process parameters and reduced levels of hydrodynamic shear stress, which simulates the low- gravity conditions of space to the extent possible on Earth. Bioreactors suspend cells with minimal shear forces through rotation of the cylindrical, fluid-filled culture vessel. Mammalian cells cultured in this environment aggregate and grow into three-dimensional arrays, and the cultured cells display differentiation markers similar to those found in corresponding mammalian tissue. The advantage of these bioreactor systems is that tissue-like cell arrays are suspended in a well- mixed aqueous medium that facilitates nutrient transfer and dispersion of wastes, and also makes it possible to isolate potentially novel factors. Ground-based studies using the NASA bioreactors have demonstrated that both normal and neoplastic cells and tissues recreate many of the characteristics that they display in vivo. The Program has three major goals concerning mammalian tissues culture: * to accelerate the development of a three-dimensional tissue culture system using rotating-wall bioreactors * to define and characterize mammalian cells and tissues that benefit from a low shear environment * to use the microgravity environment of space as necessary to surmount gravity-induced obstacles to the propagation of complex tissues Current research areas include * effects of reduced levels of mechanical and hydrodynamic shear * the effects of spatial co-location of participating cell populations * the role of mass transport on cellular propagation and tissue assembly * the effects of culture media (e.g., growth factors) on cellular metabolism and waste accumulation * the value of low shear and spatial co-location during culturing * the development of technologies (biosensors for pH, glucose, and oxygen) * new tissue culturing methods and strategies * research into mammalian, plant, and insect culture JSC3.3 Cardiovascular Research For the most part, cardiovascular responses to weightlessness seem to be appropriate for the spaceflight environment. However, these responses leave astronauts ill-prepared for their return to Earth, when they have reduced circulating blood volume, reduced exercise capacity, and decreased orthostatic tolerance. Recent evidence has suggested that autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system is a major contributor to the problems experienced on landing day. Every autonomic response that has been measured before and after flight has been different from that of preflight or landing day. The tests include Valsalva maneuvers, stand tests, baroreflex function, beat-to-beat heart rate and arterial pressure dynamics, responses to lower body negative pressure, and catecholamine responses to orthostatic stress. We are using the above tests and others to * study the mechanisms of the cardiovascular changes associated with spaceflight and to develop appropriate countermeasures The research environments include spaceflight, parabolic flight, centrifuge facilities, and bed-rest studies. Work is performed at both and nearby medical centers. JSC3.4 Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise Aerobic exercise capacity is decreased after bed rest or spaceflight. This decrease is potentiated in the upright compared to the supine position, suggesting that at least part of the decrement is related to an orthostatic component. Research is in progress to * study the mechanisms responsible for the declines in aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacities after spaceflight. A decline in aerobic exercise capacity could result in greater fatigue during long duration work tasks such as building a space station, and could limit the ability to perform high-intensity exercise countermeasures. Research focuses on identifying an effective exercise countermeasure prescription to maintain exercise capacity through an efficient combination of aerobic and resistive exercises. Research is also conducted on * combining exercise with exposure to lower body negative pressure as a method of improving the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in maintaining muscle and bone mass, and aerobic and anaerobic capacity. JSC3.5 Cell Science and Immunology The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which spaceflight alters human physiology are poorly understood. Crew members experience immune system changes, muscle and bone loss, neurological alterations, and other changes in body systems. To optimally develop techniques that prevent or alleviate the deleterious effects of spaceflight, we must determine which cellular processes are altered by microgravity. Johnson Space Center's Cell Science laboratories focus on * the effects of microgravity on immune cell function both in vivo and in vitro. Also being investigated is * the response of other types of cultured cells (e.g., bone cells and endothelial cells) to altered gravity environments. The laboratory is equipped for tissue culture and general biochemistry/molecular biology studies, and contains two flow cytometers, light/fluorescence microscopes, digital image systems, and a scanning electron microscope. Results from previous studies have indicated a depression of the immune system associated with spaceflight. Observations in our laboratories have demonstrated significant alterations in circulating lymphocyte populations following spaceflight. Functional studies are being initiated to investigate the effect of these alterations on immune competence. These studies will include the examination of T- and B-cell activity, accessory cell function, and changes in immunoregulatory factors and lymphocyte trafficking. In addition, a number of investigators have shown depressed in vitro mitogen activation of lymphocytes with spaceflight. * Research detailing the effect of gravity on the cell-cell interactions, signal transduction pathways, and transcriptional changes involved in lymphocyte activation is needed to help delineate the mechanisms that are altered in microgravity. These studies utilize hypergravity and simulated microgravity (clinostat) models to examine the effects of gravity at the cellular and molecular level. Understanding the role of gravity in signal transduction, transcription and translation of cellular proteins, and the cytoskeletal system will provide knowledge relevant to cellular proliferation, activation, movement, shape, adhesion, movement of organelles, and gene expression. Knowledge of gravity-induced alterations in these characteristics at a cellular level will provide a better understanding of the physiological effects observed in the various tissues and organs. JSC3.6 Chronotherapeutics Space travelers experience ultra-short day/night cycles as the shuttle orbits the Earth every 90 minutes. Medical records and personal communications by astronauts and cosmonauts suggest that sleep disruption is a common occurrence during flights. Extended mission duration and work demands often over-extend crew schedules during flights. Reports of fatigue-related performance decrements in shift workers and other sleep-deprived groups indicate that spaceflight crews may be subjected to similar decreased operational efficiency resulting from alterations in their work- rest efficiency. Johnson Space Center's pharmacology research group * evaluates methods for the assessment of sleep deficits and resulting decrements in work-time alertness and performance. Laboratory activities also focus on * designing and developing ground-based and in-flight countermeasure strategies for improving sleep quality and health during spaceflight. Our goal is to generate information and identify ground-based models that can assist in the development of practical, appropriate, reliable, and effective intervention technologies and regiments that can augment health and well being to support sleep-work activity schedules of long duration flights and for a prolonged stay in the microgravity environment. Specific objectives of this investigation are to * identify and characterize changes in the physiological and biochemical indices of circadian adjustments during spaceflights * to develop and validate effective operational monitoring tools and countermeasures that will improve performance and maintain health of crew members during short and long duration missions. JSC3.7 Environmental Physiology/Biophysics Research The Environmental Physiology Laboratory is currently investigating * Physiological and biophysical interactions of environmental factors such as gas species and their partial pressures, temperature, gravity, decompression and barophysiology, and exercise. Experiments involving human subjects, primarily in the area of * hypobaric barophysiology * mathematical models of decompression are also being pursued. The goal is to reduce the time impact of countermeasures (e.g., oxygen prebreathe) and develop monitoring equipment. JSC3.8 Exercise Physiology * Refine currently available procedures for the measurement of very small changes in bone and muscle mass Four major physical-measurement systems are being studied: single-axis gamma-ray absorptiometry, x-ray computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and low-level radioactive counting of activated calcium. Additional indices of acute change are identified through collaborative programs in endocrinology and biochemistry. The major emphasis is directed toward the quantification of bone mineral by computer tomography and selective rectilinear scanning techniques (oscalsis and lumbar spine). Trabecular bone shows changes in mineralization much faster than cortical bone. Selective rectilinear scanning has now been developed to determine the mineral distribution in a bone section based on measurements of the transmission of gamma rays from an isotope source using a precision scanning instrument. Whole-body x-ray CT scanning of the spine to determine density is now available. One aspect of the research effort will be to * miniaturize the scanning instrument and computer for use on a space station Magnetic resonance imaging is being used regularly to document the atrophy of the leg muscles in individuals exposed to microgravity and bed-rest simulations of microgravity. Advance-imaging techniques have been developed and are being used routinely. Measurements of changes in water content of the muscles of posture and ambulation are being made before and after periods of bed rest. High-energy phosphates are being measured in vivo and the changes in bone marrow content after bed rest are being followed. Computer enhancement of the images is under way using methods developed for Earth-observation satellites. NASA has available three different magnetic- imaging machines for use in advanced studies of muscle change. The objectives of this research are to * refine current methods of measuring biochemical factors that influence the musculoskeletal system and to correlate these factors with musculoskeletal changes during bed rest and spaceflight with and without countermeasures. Specific subtasks include * quantifying biomechanical loads during exercise using methods that require minimal operating space in flight * automating signal acquisition and processing methods * performing stress analysis on the skeleton for the exercises measured using finite element analysis * measuring musculoskeletal changes during bed rest and spaceflight * refining techniques to measure changes in trabecular architecture and material properties using acoustic or magnetic resonance imaging methods * correlating these changes with the exercises and stresses during exercise countermeasures. The goal of the exercise countermeasure program is to maintain crew members' neuromuscular capability, systemic aerobic and anaerobic performance, skeletal muscle function, and bone integrity during spaceflight missions. Laboratories supporting this research contain comprehensive facilities in the areas of biomechanics, exercise physiology, neuromuscular, and hardware development. In addition, the design and development of spaceflight exercise equipment is a fundamental aspect of the exercise countermeasure program for both the space shuttle and space station. Operational and ground-based research is conducted. Operational research takes place during spaceflight missions, while ground-based research is performed in (1) laboratory settings, (2) underwater-thus attaining neutral buoyancy in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, and (3) on board NASA's KC 135 aircraft, where short duration zero gravity is achieved by flying parabolic maneuvers. JSC3.9 Human Modeling in Virtual Environments The objective of virtual environment research at the Graphics Research and Analysis Facility is to * develop a computer software system for use in the design and evaluation of complex space structures. Its special features include an immersive user interface, which will allow the graphics model of a structure to be perceived as a virtual environment; and the incorporation of anthropometrically correct graphics models of humans, which can be used to investigate human factors issues such as reachability, fit, and visibility in the virtual environment. By allowing a designed structure to be seen and evaluated "from the inside" at the beginning of the design cycle, long before it is feasible to build a mockup of the structure, the system will lead to earlier recognition of potential problems and make it easier to evaluate alternate designs, resulting in considerable savings in time and funds. JSC3.10 Immune Responses to Space Flight The primary concern of the Space Microbiology Program is to ensure the health, safety, and productivity of astronauts. This requires careful diagnostic evaluation of astronauts and their environments before and after missions. An important aspect of maintaining crew health and productivity is to * Develop microbiological diagnostic technologies for use during a space mission is. Microbial analysis of the air, surfaces, water, food, experimental animals, and payloads is included in the environmental assessment. The Microbiology Laboratory defines requirements, develops specifications, and evaluates candidate hardware in the areas of clinical and environmental microbiology for use on board manned space systems, including the space shuttle and space station programs. Intense research areas include * developing simple, rapid, and direct methods to diagnose infectious diseases * to determine the effects of different microbial loads on human health in a closed system * investigating the effects of spaceflight on microbial population dynamics, structure, and function; pathogenicity; and susceptibility to antibiotics. In preparation for longer duration missions, vigorous research focuses on * the effect of spaceflight and related factors on the human immune response, particularly the immunology of infectious diseases. Experimental and clinical studies will be used to investigate the effect of spaceflight on the three major arms of the immune system: cellular, humoral, and innate immunity. * Specific areas of investigation include neutrophil and monocyte function (e.g., chemotaxis, adhesion), natural killer cell and T-cytoxic cell function, antibody response to specific antigen challenges, and reactivation of herpes viruses in response to spaceflight. JSC3.11 Microgravity Associated Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Human space explorers undergo a variety of physiologic adaptations to the microgravity environment to which they are subjected during spaceflight. In both astronauts and cosmonauts, atrophy of skeletal muscle with a concomitant reduction in functional capacity when returning to the normal terrestrial gravitational environment has been documented. Reductions in calf circumference, development of negative nitrogen balance, increased urinary excretion of muscle protein-derived amino acids, decrements in strength and force-velocity relationships in selected muscles, and loss of muscle volume as verified by magnetic resonance imaging have all demonstrated muscle atrophy is a consequence of spaceflight. A variety of studies in astronauts/cosmonauts, human test subjects under conditions of simulated microgravity (bed rest and/or limb suspension), and in hypokinesia/hypodynamia animal models are in progress to elucidate the mechanism of microgravity associated muscle atrophy in order to devise, implement, and test the efficacy of countermeasures to prevent or attenuate its occurrence. The following approaches are proposed for future studies: * histochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of muscle biopsies from flight crew members, bed rest test subjects, or animal models * quantitative image analysis of magnetic resonance images from muscles suspected of being susceptible to atrophy * development and study of in vitro (tissue culture) models of muscle atrophy * analysis of possible muscle atrophy markers * study of structure/function relationships of muscle mitochondria and capillaries development and testing of countermeasures Techniques used in these studies will include muscle enzyme and lectin histochemistry, monoclonal immunohistochemistry, and morphometric analysis by digital planimetry; diagnostic medical imaging and quantitative image analysis; tissue culture and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric, and turbidimetric biochemical assays; in situ hybridization; and subcellular fractionation. JSC3.12 Neurosciences This laboratory, which functions under the auspices of the Life Sciences Research Laboratories, is engaged in a wide-ranging program of ground-based and spaceflight studies to investigate the effects of unique spaceflight environmental variables, particularly microgravity, on man's nervous system. As a result of data obtained from the Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle, and Mir missions, attention is being given to studies that attempt to elucidate those neurosensory, sensorimotor, and related physiological mechanisms underlying space-adaptation (space motion-sickness, spatial orientation, and perceptual processes) syndrome and readaptation to Earth. Included are * investigations of semicircular-canal and otolith-organ interaction processes, vestibulospinal reflex responses, visual-vestibular interaction processes, vestibular-autonomic interaction processes, eye-hand coordination, and psychophysiological responses to stressful, gravitoinertial stimuli, and postural and locomotion control processes. The primary focus is operational research directed toward * developing reliable predictive techniques and effective countermeasures for space motion-sickness, "Earth sickness", and neurosensory, and sensorimotor disturbances during and after flight. Research on countermeasures centers primarily on visual and vestibular adaptation training, centrifugation, and evaluations of new pharmaceuticals for motion sickness and orthostatic intolerance. Another major focus of the laboratory is * the effects of extended duration flight on visual/vestibular function, autonomic function, posture, gait, and other sensory systems. An additional area of critical concern is * the development of countermeasures to ensure the safe return and egress of flight crews. Work is also under way to * develop new and improved vestibular-response measurement analysis and modeling techniques. Laboratory facilities have recently undergone considerable expansion to accommodate increased efforts to investigate etiological factors and autonomic nervous system responses underlying both motion-sickness and orthostatic tolerance. Extensive laboratory instrumentation is available for the generation and control of stimuli and the recording and analysis of a variety of responses. JSC3.13 Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Research Changes have been noted during spaceflight in the metabolism or utilization of several nutrients, including protein, energy, and minerals and electrolytes. These alterations-observed during both spaceflight and ground-based simulations of spaceflight-appear to be related to several other physiologic changes that occur during spaceflight and thus may indicate shifts in metabolism that affect nutrient requirements. Research will focus on human nutritional requirements for spaceflight. Areas of particular interest include * the consequences of microgravity-induced changes in bone and calcium * the influence of exercise on nutritional requirements * alterations in micronutrients metabolism and requirements during long-term spaceflight * interactions of radiation with nutritional requirements for ascorbic acid, iron, vitamin E, and selenium * the digestion and absorption of nutrients in space. The nutritional biochemistry laboratory facility has the capability to analyze substances for all major macronutrients, including amino-acids, and for minerals and vitamins. Standard biochemical procedures are available: gas chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry high-pressure liquid chromatography, atomic absorption with graphite furnace, and ion chromatography. Research efforts are under way to * determine the changes in metabolism at entry into spaceflight, during spaceflight, and recovery from spaceflight to define better the nutrient requirements during spaceflight * develop appropriate techniques to measure changes in metabolism during spaceflight. The laboratory is particularly concerned with defining these changes, determining when they may be detrimental to crew members, and in developing appropriate countermeasures for any detrimental changes. When appropriate, research will be directed to * the amelioration of spaceflight-induced physiological changes through nutritional countermeasures. Although Space Shuttle flight-experiment opportunities are available to develop and verify related experimental support protocols, the exposure time is limited to flight duration. A Space-Station human research facility dedicated to life-sciences research is being planned that will provide the necessary long-term-exposure experimental test bed. The laboratory coordinates its efforts with both intramural and extramural collaborators. Other in- house teams include biochemistry, hematology, immunology, endocrinology, and exercise-physiology laboratories. Clinical studies are conducted using ground-based simulations such as bed- rest research projects. JSC3.14 Pathophysiology of Decompression Sickness * Decompression sickness (DCS) is a malady that occurs when the ambient pressure is reduced. Gas phase formation occurs and situations can progress from subclinical, to DCS, to death. Although it is generally associated with deep-sea divers, DCS can occur in aviators or astronauts during extravehicular activity (EVA). There is evidence to suggest that the risk of DCS is reduced in microgravity environments. One possibility is a reduction in the forces that participate in stress-assisted nucleation and in vivo gas phase formation. This hypothesis is being tested in human subjects. Objective and quantitative measurements are performed using Doppler ultrasound devices. Final results of these tests will aid in formulating prebreathe procedures for EVA. Because the current suit utilized for EVA is at a lower pressure than the space cabin, there is a risk of decompression sickness. Other important research includes * performing real-time monitoring of EVA astronauts for bubble formation. Problems associated with current monitoring systems include fire safety, probe placement, stability of signals, and information transmission from the suit to the monitoring station. JSC3.15 Pharmacokinetic Research Spaceflight induces a number of physiological changes including fluid shifts and cardiovascular deconditioning. While some of these changes were evaluated on earlier missions, others (e.g., changes in gastrointestinal and hepatic function) have not been investigated. Availability of sensitive and flight-suitable methods of evaluation limits implementation of these studies in space. Research areas of interest include * identification and evaluation of physiological parameters and resulting changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents administered during spaceflight. This is essential for designing and developing effective treatment regimes for the space medical operations. Gastrointestinal and hepatic function research focuses on developing simple, noninvasive techniques to conduct these studies in space. * developing ground-based simulation models of microgravity (e.g., antiorthostatic bed rest) to evaluate and validate these techniques for their flight suitability. Using these validated, noninvasive methods, we can also evaluate changes in gastrointestinal and hepatic function during spaceflight. Pharmacokinetics research includes * development of simple and noninvasive drug-monitoring methods that are flight suitable * evaluation of pharmacokinetic changes of drugs during antiorthostatic bed rest * pharmacodynamic implications of these changes and other changes such as protein binding and metabolism of drugs. In-flight pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are characterized using methods developed during ground-based research. Research in the area of pharmaceutical development involves * designing and testing noninvasive and nonparenteral drug dosage forms that are suitable for use in space * evaluating sustained release and intranasal dosage forms of antimotion sickness drugs. JSC3.16 Psychological Research This laboratory, which functions under the auspices of the Life Sciences Research Laboratories, is chartered to study those factors which may significantly impact individual and team performance, and psychological health during space missions. The overriding goal of this laboratory is to ensure optimal performance of individual crew members and teams during space missions. Another important goal is to ensure the optimal performance of ground support personnel in their relationships with mission crews, and their interactions as a ground-based team. Many factors that affect space crews will have an impact on the ground support personnel and will require appropriate countermeasures. Suboptimal productivity, lapses in judgment, interpersonal conflict, and other behavioral problems have been encountered on both space flights and ground-based Antarctic missions. A number of factors are presumed to account for these problems, including isolation and confinement. Current research focuses on * small group dynamics and team performance in analogue mission crews * development and evaluation of methods for psychological monitoring * cross-cultural issues related to multinational teams. The laboratory is equipped with several computers and software for programming, digitizing video and audio inputs, and analyzing data. JSC3.17 Radiation Biophysics The space radiation environment primarily consists of high-energy electrons, protons, and heavy ions from solar wind and galactic cosmic rays, and high-energy particles trapped in the Van Allen Belts by the Earth's geomagnetic field. The radiation health aspects of spaceflight include unique considerations. Of critical importance from a health perspective is the radiobiological assessment of effects resulting from chronic exposure to the high-charge, high-energy (HZE) particles and solar particle events resulting from large solar flares. In addition, dosimetry must be adequate to enable accurate assessment of exposure hazards and must be responsive to a broad spectrum of radiation types and energies. Vehicle design and material selection determine the shielding afforded and must be viewed with respect to weight and volume constraints; furthermore, accurate knowledge of the ambient space-radiation environment and interaction of the radiation with the spacecraft (transport codes) are required to project expected exposures and thus enable mission- duration and mission-profile planning. Studies in progress and projected for the future include * biological effects of energetic protons and HZE exposures, especially carcinogenic, cytogenic, and mutagenic effects at the cellular and molecular levels * cellular and molecular mechanism(s) of oncogenic cell transformation by protons and HZE exposure * advanced biomarkers and biological dosimetry * space radiation health physics * biophysical models of HZE effects * radiation protection by chemical and biological agents * possible increased biological effects resulting from simultaneous exposure to microgravity and space radiation environments. Acceptable levels of exposure to space radiation are based on a risk-versus-gain consideration. The studies mentioned are critical to a satisfactory space-radiation health program in which exposures and long-term health risks are minimized. JSC3.18 Recycled Water: Chemistry, Disinfection, In-Flight Monitoring, and Toxicology Water reclamation from urine, wash water, and humidity condensate and reuse for potable and hygiene purposes is considered a key feature of long-duration spaceflight in order to avoid massive launch/resupply penalties associated with on-board drinking and hygiene needs. A variety of primary reclamation technologies and a number of pretreatment and post-treatment schemes to minimize or eliminate contaminants from the product water are being developed. The quality of the product water, particularly organic content, is specific to the unique combination of reclamation processes used. Certification of reclaimed water for direct reuse by humans presents major technical problems not encountered in terrestrial water systems. Because of the direct reuse aspects, aggressive efforts are needed to bridge the gap between the technology development efforts and biomedical requirements in order to verify that reclamation processes that are safe and reliable. The goals of this activity include the following: * determination of the contaminant composition of source and product waters from the variety of reclamation processes being developed under both nominal and off-nominal conditions * development of analytical procedures to support identification and quantification of the organic constituents in recycled water * development of analytical procedures to measure halogen species in waters, with emphasis on iodine disinfection * development of microgravity-compatible monitoring capabilities that minimize expendable requirements, which will be needed to verify the water quality before it is used * determination of relative toxicity of detected organic constituents and the establishment of respective MCLs * definition of quality specifications for water reclaimed for direct reuse from humidity condensate, urine, and wash water * identification and quantification of disinfection products associated with halogen disinfectants * development of advanced water reclamation and post-treatment technology for organics removal and microbiological control * development of methods for remediating contamination events in spacecraft water distribution systems * development of water potability bioassay techniques for recycled water that are potentially adaptable to in-flight application * development of an overall plan by which reclaimed water can be certified acceptable for human consumption and hygiene uses. This activity will be performed in the water-quality laboratory in close association with the toxicology and microbiology laboratories. JSC3.19 Research on Computer Biomechanical Modeling One of the goals in human modeling at the Graphics Research and Analysis Facility (GRAF) is to create a task-oriented human figure model that emulates the physical characteristics of the actual human counterpart as closely as possible. Currently, GRAF's human model is used to solve problems and make predictions related to anthropometry and kinematics. Our overall goal is to extend the current strength model with a systematic and comprehensive assessment of strength for all major joints of the human, and to build a task-oriented modeling system with the astronaut characterized in terms of his/her strength/fatigue and reach limitations. The research requires the * development of a biomechanical modeling system which incorporates dynamics, human strength, stamina, range of motion, workload, and fatigue. This model should extend human factors support to operational areas and emphasize the improvement of processes and products. JSC3.20 Space Food Development The Food Systems Engineering Facility supports food development activities for the Shuttle, International Space Station, and future missions. Advanced planetary missions require major efforts in food development especially in packaging and process engineering. Research areas of interest include: * food development * food processing * food equipment engineering * acceptability measures for microgravity and isolation * food bioregeneration * shelf life extension up to 5 years * preservation * packaging * food waste management. JSC3.21 Workstation/Workplace Design Knowledge of how humans work in space is essential for planning space missions and designing equipment. Research is needed on * the impact of factors which affect crew performance, including (but not limited to) working posture requirements, workstation layout, equipment and tool design, work methods used, and task requirements. Quantifying the effect of these factors on task performance can help engineers design and modify the workplace environment for optimum crew safety and productivity. Human factors assessments were flown on STS- 50 and STS-58 to evaluate the interface designs of gloveboxes. The flight experiments consisted of compiling crew comments about glovebox design prior to, during, and after the mission. We also analyzed the mission down link video to determine postural changes while working at the glovebox. The results of this experiment indicated that working at a glovebox for a long duration resulted in neck and shoulder discomfort. Some issues to be addressed in future studies include human factors requirements for the next generation glovebox design (e.g., Space Station maintenance workstation), restraint systems, and material handling in microgravity. JSC3.22 Control Theory Application to Management Principles * Apply control loop theory and methods (typically used in mechanical engineering and aerospace engineering applications) to quantify management principles. For example, investigate the hypothesis that if projects are attempted with too much lag between the time a change is needed (e.g. purchase hardware/software or change personnel) and the time that the change is made, the system (i.e. the project) will go unstable and "crash" -- just like a control loop for an aircraft will go unstable if too much lag is introduced in the system. JSC3.23 Computer Based Training course on Micro and Nano Technology * Develop a Computer Based Training course on the subject and implement it on the web page. An introductory level course was already implemented for FY98. This course will be at the intermediate level. Content of this course should be more tuned toward practical applications of the micro and nano devices, and issues/concerns in application. The purpose of this task is to infuse technical knowledge for NASA community. JSC3.24 Develop Packaging Process Guidelines for MEMS and ASIM * Since MENS can interact with the environment through mechanical and fluid forces, the traditional EEE parts packaging process can no longer assure the desired quality. * Packaging should include integration of MEMS with electronics on a single substrate, interconnection of circuits in a multichip module, interfaces with the macroscopic parts, and meet space environment requirements. JSC3.25 Develop Spacecraft System Interface Requirements for Micro and Macro Hybrid Systems * Develop interface requirements for hybrid systems which integrate micro scaled devices such as MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical System) and ASIM (Application Specific Integrated Micro-instruments) to the existing traditional macro scaled spacecraft systems. Interface requirements include: electrical, optical, thermal, fluid, and mechanical specifications for interconnects and packaging. JSC3.26 MEMS COTS and ASIM Devices System Insertion Risk Assessment * This task identifies existing candidates for MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical System) and ASIM (Application Specific Integrated Micro-instruments) devices insertion to the spacecraft for either upgrade or replacement to the existing macro scaled parts. The candidates to be replaced by MEMS are the devices which are heavy, in large size, and consume high power. This task will study the system insertion architecture of selected system(s) to identify integration interface risks of the hybrid system (contains both micro and macro devices). Risk mitigation methods will also be identified. JSC3.27 MEMS COTS Parts Qualification and Certification Criteria * Establish Qualification and Certification criteria to be used in assisting spacecraft developers in the selection of radiation tolerant microelectronics parts for human mission insertion, in the resolution of MEMS radiation hardness assurance problems, and to develop MEMS COTS parts qualification and certification criteria for the future spacecraft system design readiness reviews. JSC3.28 MEMS Device Pre/Post Processing Characterization * In order to understand the problems involving a variety of applied loading conditions of a MEMS device, including externally applied static forces, pressures and temperatures, the inner working of the MEMS devices must be fully characterized to predict temperature, stresses, and dynamic response and possible failure mechanisms. Finite Element Analyses in various cases have been effectively applied to assist in the design reliability. This research will * perform various Finite Element Analyses such as heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, thermal fatigue stress analysis, static analysis, and model analysis of the selected device for design reliability characterization. JSC3.29 Micro/Nano Technologies Reliability & Quality Control * Develop an evaluation capability required to achieve the confidence levels necessary to assure successful verification and validation process of micro/nano technologies particularly the MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems). * Understanding failure mechanisms and develop new quantitative analysis approaches for evaluating the reliability and maintainability of these micro scaled devices and sensors. Examples of the types of new approaches required for the reliability and quality assurance include quantifying the behavior of materials used for the micro/nano scaled devices, determining the failure mechanisms and the probability of failure of these devices while taking into account the added redundancy that is possible because of the low weight, low power, and inexpensive nature of these devices. JSC3.30 Nanostructured Materials Quality Assurance * Innovative methods of investigating to properties, reliability, and process quality assurance of nanostructured materials. With the recent developments being made in developing materials systems based on nanometer size features (particles, grain-size, physical phenomenon, including fullerenes and nanotubes, etc.) a need exists to acquire new methods of investigating this new class of materials. * Develop diagnostic methods of isolating nanophase conditions, particularly which can be integrated into manufacturing and service conditions for routine assessments. JSC3.31 Nanotube Safety Study * Study biological and toxicity effects of carbon nanotubes on humans. Proposals are sought that study the effects of nanotube exposure to humans from handling and inhalation that might be the result of airborne particles and other direct contact methods. JSC3.32 Risk Management * Research in areas related to reliability and safety of space vehicles. Multivariate models, such as logistic regression and proportional hazards models, and system reliability models that make use of dependencies between component failure events are specific topics of interest in statistical reliability. * Probabilistic fatigue and other physics of failure modeling which may include simulation studies using finite element models are safety topics of interest. JSC3.33 Structural and Mechanical Reliability Johnson Space Center is interested in studying structural and mechanical reliability from the physics of failure approach, which addresses the physical causes of failure and estimates the probability of their occurrence. Specific interest is in the areas of * random processes and random fields as applied to the development of a capability in stochastic finite element analysis * applications of stochastic finite element methods to reliability based optimization, fatigue, and fracture mechanics analysis. * code calibration and the specification of safety factors and design standards * quantify variability in load processes, material properties, and manufactured quality in aerospace applications. JSC3.34 Wireless System Safety Risk and Risk Mitigation Wireless systems are used for data transmissions from critical sensors such as strain gauges, thermometers, and accelerometers on space craft. Risk and risk mitigation of the wireless system become more important as the design for long duration deep space flights become more complicated. It is urgently needed to investigate the following risks and risk mitigation of wireless systems on board a spacecraft : * noise from space * interference from other wireless system such as communication systems to and from ground * interference from transceiver nodes in the same WS * in case of accidental meteoroid hits * failure due to changes in the component characteristics such as receiver sensitivity change and frequency stability change in the synthesizer * critical data loss due to the malfunction of the WS components JSC3.35 Orbital Debris Hazard Assessment NASA Johnson Space Center has a program to better understand the character of the man-made orbital debris environment, the implications of this environment on the design and operations of spacecraft, and the development of national and international standards to minimize the future orbital debris environment. This program consists of four major components: * modeling of the environment * measurements of the environment * hypervelocity impact testing to determine the consequences of the environment and the design of shielding * consulting with industry, other government agencies, and other space-faring nations for making cost-effective recommendations to minimize the hazard to future spacecraft. Predictions of the flux resulting from the orbital debris environment are made from both source and sink models, which include spacecraft traffic models, satellite breakup models, and atmospheric drag models. We test these predictions against environmental measurements. Such measurements include the relatively large (>10 cm) objects maintained in the US Space Command catalog, intermediate sized (1 mm to 10 cm) that are sampled by ground telescopes and high-frequency ground radars, and small objects (<1 mm) that are sampled through hypervelocity impacts on recovered spacecraft surfaces. Johnson Space Center obtains data using a three meter liquid mirror telescope and the Haystack radar, maintains samples from several recovered satellite surfaces, and maintains laboratories to measure the characteristics and chemistry of impact craters. To date, the measurements program has identified sources of orbital debris that were not included in the models. The probability that a spacecraft will fail to function because of an orbital debris or meteoroid impact can be reduced with specially designed shielding. Johnson Space Center maintains three hypervelocity guns, and has played a critical role in designing shields for the planned Space Station. In an effort to minimize the shielding weight of the Shuttle and Space Station, hypervelocity (velocities greater than 5 km/sec) tests are conducted on various spacecraft materials and configurations. Johnson Space Center has prepared a NASA safety standard, which includes guidelines and procedures for limiting orbital debris. We also conduct regular meetings with other US agencies and the "Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee" (with members from the US, Europe, Russia, and Japan). The purpose of these meetings is to coordinate research and reach a common consensus for the international standards of limiting orbital debris. JSC3.36 Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy A research program is underway to develop synthetic, inorganic highly reactive "soils" for plant growth experiments in microgravity. One particular system, "zeoponics", is the cultivation of plants in zeolite substrates that contain essential plant-growth cations on their exchange sites and have minor amounts of mineral phases (e.g., synthetic apatite) supplying essential plant growth anions. Research interests include * Examine the exchange behavior (i.e., ion-exchange selectivities, kinetics of exchange) of zeoponics systems. * Conduct plant growth experiments to determine economics of plant production in zeoponics systems compared with other plant growth systems (e.g., hydroponics). Other projects in soil chemistry and mineralogy are encouraged, especially * clay mineralogy * zeolite chemistry and mineralogy * mineral syntheses. Several studies are underway to * determine the possible mineralogy and chemistry of Martian surface materials * determine the mineralogy of phyllosilicates in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. Experimental and analytical facilities include x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy (e.g., scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe), and atomic absorption spectroscopy. JSC3.37 Space Radiation and Biological Systems Applicants should be interested in performing theoretical modeling of the effects of space radiation on biological systems. Emphasis is placed on the relationship of the track structure of heavy particles (protons, alpha particles, and heavy ions) to DNA damage and resulting biological responses such as mutation and signal transduction. One of our goals is to * develop theoretical models that can describe molecular biology experiments performed to study heavy particle effects. Nuclear reactions in spacecraft shielding and tissue modify the composition of the primary radiation fields including the production of new particle types. The importance of nuclear reactions in risk assessment include the role of shielding material type on reaction rates and the high-energy deposition events that would occur in tissue near reaction sites. An additional goal is to * develop biological response models that describe nuclear reactions, track structure, and molecular interactions that will be able to guide the design of optimal shielding materials for radiation protection. Interested applicants should have a background in radiation physics and track structure models, as well as a basic knowledge of molecular biology. JSC3.38 Space-Radiation Environment Space-radiation environment is a significant consideration in planning any long-duration mission both in low-Earth orbit and in interplanetary space. To maintain our ability to assess the environment and to minimize the risk to humans in space, an active program entails computer modeling of radiation received by the human body and careful measurements of the radiation environment both outside and inside the space shuttle. Research concerns * advanced concepts of dosimetry, including identification of the elemental composition, energy, and direction of incident radiation, as well as real-time calculations and display of radiobiological effectiveness. * the design and construction of a solid-state charged particle telescope and acquisition of data on the inner radiation belt and galactic cosmic rays (GCR) through its operation on Shuttle flights and Mir flights. Other activities include * improvements of GCR models and inner belt models to account for variations caused by the 22-year solar cycle. JSC3.39 Advanced Life Support Systems Current research involves development of regenerative human life support systems for future long duration space missions. Such systems will consist of components which utilize both physicochemical and biological processes to perform the life support functions. Included in these functions are air revitalization, which includes carbon dioxide removal, oxygen generation, and trace gas contaminant control. * Water recovery functions include urine treatment, hygiene water processing, and potable water polishing. * Food production functions involve crop production using both hydroponics and solid substrate culturing systems as well as automated/robotic systems for plant production. * Resource recovery from solid wastes involves such processes as incineration and pyrolysis, and degradation with bacterial bioreactors. * Thermal control research areas include lightweight, high efficiency heat pumps and unique heat rejection devices to aid in room temperature heat rejection for advanced missions; theoretical studies and analysis techniques for advanced two phase thermal management systems; and automated monitoring and control, and fault detection methods for advanced two phase thermal management systems. * integration of systems into a functioning regenerative life support system via highly automated control and monitoring systems is critical to current development efforts. Research opportunities exist in chemistry, physics, horticulture and plant physiology, soil science, water chemistry, and environmental, chemical, biological, mechanical, computer, and systems engineering disciplines. Opportunities exist for studies of dynamic computer analysis and simulation methodology for hybrid physicochemical and biological systems and development of mathematical models of candidate processes to be integrated into regenerative life-support systems. Additional information can be obtained at the world wide web site http://pet..nasa.gov/. JSC3.40 Guidance Navigation and Control Research opportunities exist for * development of technologies supporting definition, evaluation and development of guidance navigation and control systems for space flight programs. JSC3.41 Integrated Design and Simulation Environments * Define integrated simulation architectures that will allow for dynamically interfacing of multiple simulations and hardware elements across a Wide Area Network (WAN) and keep them synched. For example, guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) flight software is running in one building and the reaction control jets are set-up in another. Instead of moving the two pieces to a common location and then integrating them, create an architecture that would allow the GN&C flight software to run closed-loop while separated in different locations. * Define technology for integrated design environments that allow design tools to be used across multiple platforms and facilities. * Create multi-discipline design architectures that allow design tools from different disciplines, developed for different platforms, and in different geographic environments to function as an integrated unit. JSC3.42 Landing Hazard Avoidance * Design a landing hazard avoidance system for spacecraft landers. Selected landing sites may exhibit hazards such as slopes, ravines, rocks, etc. which should be detected and avoided autonomously. Development of sensor systems, actuator requirements, avoidance maneuver guidance and control algorithms, and landing performance assessment is required. Systems should be demonstrated using simulation and subscale flight tests. Sensitivity analyses to system errors and environmental dispersions should be performed. JSC3.43 Advanced Flight Control * Develop the algorithms, sensor requirements, and actuator requirements for a robust flight control system for use for advanced mission and system designs for Human Exploration of Space. * Using advanced techniques such as neural networks, adaptive techniques, or learning algorithms, design a flight control system for proposed vehicles capable of handling large environment uncertainties. These systems include vehicles using low thrust ion or plasma thrust as well as high performance powered and atmospheric flight. JSC3.44 In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) The concept of "living off the land" by utilizing the indigenous resources of the Moon, Mars, or other potential sites of robotic and human exploration is called In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The chief benefits of ISRU are that it can reduce both the cost and the risk of robotic and human exploration by decreasing Earth launch mass and by increasing self sufficiency and surface mobility. The research area includes: * collection, separation, and conditioning of in-situ atmospheric, soil/rock, and drilled resources * manufacturing of propellants, fuel cell reagents, and life-support gases and water * collection, liquefaction and/or compression, storage, and transfer of manufactured fluids * sensors and software to enable autonomous control of ISRU resource and chemical processing activities. JSC3.45 Robotic Technologies Development of emerging robotic technologies, such as * robotic end effectors and manipulators with special emphasis on small scale, dexterous and anthropomorphic robots * human-robotic interfaces for telepresence control of robots, including tactile/force feedback techniques, helmet mounted vision displays, stereoscopic vision displays, and visual and non-visual techniques for following human operator input commands * robotic control software including force/torque feedback, adaptive control, grasping techniques and multi-arm control (for both kinematically sufficient and redundant systems) robotic sensors including contact and proximity sensors for collision detection and avoidance, limiting forces, mapping, etc. * machine vision and perception including pattern recognition, feature extraction, pose estimation, object tracking, image registration, visual inspection, and landmark navigation. Application of these technologies wi