HISTORY 630:
SEMINAR IN CIVIL WAR

Marion B. Lucas
Professor of History and
University Distinguished Professor
Home Phone: (270) 843-8580
Office CH 224-B
Phone  (502) 745-5736
Fax (502) 745-2950
e-mail: marion.lucas@wku.edu
Home Ph. (502) 843-8580
WKU History Department Home Page


SYLLABUS

CLASS INSTRUCTIONS FOR CIVIL WAR SEMINAR, FALL 2004

 

1.         All papers must be typed (12 pt), ragged right margin, standard 1 in. margins.

2.         500 word essay on “Writing History‑Objectivity or Opinion; Science or Art.” Give it some thought;
write your ideas in a 500-word essay due August 30.

3.         Books on the nature of history.

Herbert Butterfield, History

Harvard Guide, 3-8

Barzum & Graff, The Modern Researcher

Jules R. Benjamin, A Students Guide to History

            Mary Lynn Rampola, A Pocket Guide to Writing History

4.         MINOR PAPERBibliographical Essay—See Topics Below

            Due September 27. Footnotes must be at the bottom of the page.

            Group A will critique Group B; Group B will critique Group A

Bibliographical Essay Topics

Kentucky: Did Lincoln Need Kentucky More Than God?

Harrison, Lowell H. The Civil War in Kentucky (1975).

Stone, Richard. The Kentucky Fighting Man (1982).

            Brown, Kent M. The Civil War in Kentucky (2000).

            Smith, John David and William Cooper. Union Women in Kentucky: The Diary of Francis
Peter
(2000).

The Causes of the Civil War: Slavery or Society?

McPherson, James M. Battle Cry Of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988).

Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1950s (1978).

Jefferson Davis: Great Leader or Architect of Confederate Defeat?

Woodworth, Steven. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command
in the West
(1990).

Escott, Paul. After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the failure of Southern Nationalism (1978).

Hattaway, Herman and Richard E. Beringer. Jefferson Davis, Confederate President (2002).

Lincoln and Civil Liberties: What did Union Mean to Lincoln?

Neely, Mark E., Jr. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991).

Paludin, Phillip Shaw. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994).

George B. McClellan: Great General or Incompetent?

Sears, Stephen W. George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (1999).

Waugh, John C. The Class of 1846 : From West Point to Appomattox: Stonewall Jackson,
George McClellan and Their Brothers
(1999).

Rowland, Thomas J. George B. McClellan and Civil War: In the Shadow of Grant and
Sherman
(1998).

Robert E. Lee: Great General or Wrong Strategy?

Freeman, Douglas S. R.E. Lee:  A Biography (4 vols., 1934‑1935).

Connelly, Thomas L. The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society
(1977).

            Thomas, Emory. Robert E. Lee: A Biography (1995).

James “Pete” Longstreet: Great General or Cause for Defeat?

Piston, William Garrett. Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in
Southern History
(1987).

Connelly, Thomas L. and Bellows, Barbara. God and General Longstreet: The Lost Cause
and the Southern Mind
(1982).

U.S. Grant: Great General or Butcher?

Catton, Bruce. U.S. Grant and the American Military Tradition (1954).

Simpson, Brooks D. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822‑1865 (2000).

William T. Sherman: Barbarian or Innovative Commander?

Marszalek, John F. Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (1993).

Castel, Albert. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (1992).

            Royster, Charles. The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson,
and the Americans
(1991).

Southern Women: Backbone of The Southern Cause?

Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (1989).

Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (1981).

Southern Religious Leaders: Advocates for Civil War!

Hill, Samuel S., Jr. The South and the North in American Religion (1980).

Snay, Mitchell. Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (1993).

Why did they Fought:  North v. South?

Linderman, Gerald. Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American
Civil War
(1987).

McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1997).

            Watkins, Sam. Company Aytch (1962 or later edition).

Civil War Prisons: North v. South

Marvel, William. Andersonville: The Last Depot (1994).

Speer, Lonnie R. Portals to Hell: The Military Prisons of the Civil War (1997).

Frohman, Charles E. Rebels on Lake Erie (1997).

The Western Theater: The Theater of Victory?

            Williams, Kenneth P. Lincoln Finds A General (1949-59, vols. 3-5)

            Cooling, Benj. F. Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland (1987).

            Castel, Albert. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (1992)

            Woodworth, Steven A. Six Armies in Tennessee (1998).

            Peter Cozzens, numerous books.

Appalachia in the Civil War: Solidly Union or Bitterly Divided?

            Noe, Kenneth and Shannon Wilson. The Civil War in Appalachia (1997).

            Groce, W. Todd. Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates in the Civil War, 1860-1870 (

            Fisher, Noel C. War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee,
1860-1869
(1997).

            Noe, Kenneth W. Perryville: This Grand Havoc of Battle. (2001).

           Inscoe, John C. and Gordon B. McKinney.The Heart of Confederate Appalachia:  Western North
Carolina in the Civil War
. (2000)

Southern Victory: Inevitable Loss or Possible Victory?

            McPherson, James M. Battle Cry Of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988).

            Beringer, et al. Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986).

            Boritt, Gabor S., ed. Why the Confederacy Lost (1992).

Civil War History and Memory: Myth or Reality?

Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2001).

Davis, William C. The Cause Lost: Myths and Realities of the Confederacy (1996).

5.     MAJOR PAPER—Each student will write a 25 page paper. Footnotes or Notes at the end
of the paper. In the bibliography, provide the call number of the book or document.

            Each Paper will have two critics. The quality of the criticism will be part of ones grade.

                        CRITIC 1: will read for style & content

                        CRITIC 2: will check and assess research, footnotes, & bibliography.

6.            MAJOR PAPER

            1)  The major papers are organized around the CIVIL WAR IN KENTUCKY

            2)  Each student will make reports on the progress of research from time to time.

7.         Possible topics for the MAJOR PAPER

A.  Military Life in Kentucky (common soldier) in the Civil War

            Ginther Collection

            Payne Family Papers

            Elizabeth Woods MSS

            Joseph Underwood Morgan

            Edgar Jones

            Edwin C. Silliman

            Sea Family Papers

            G.H. Weeks letters

            CW Letters SC 1364

            Goodnight Family MSS 148, Confed. Sympathizers

            Mary E. Hoffman, SC 667, Events in Cynthiana

            George H. Hughes, SC 1220

            Wickersham Family Papers

            Ward, Williamson Dixon SC 627

            Rebecca Rowan, Letters. MSS 71

B.  Kentucky’s Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation

            Official Records

            Ky. House & Senate Documents

C.  Secession Crisis in Kentucky

            Joseph Holt, Letter. SC 127

            Beriah Magoffin, Letters. SC 821

D.  John Hunt Morgan in Kentucky (Fear of, local concern for, evaluation of)

            J.H. Morgan Papers, KL

            Newspapers KL & Helm

            J.H. Morgan Papers, FHS

E.  Kentucky Newspapers & Civil War

            Prentiss Papers

            Lucas Collection

            Have 7 issues of Lou.  Courier published in BG during CW (printed in Nashville)

            Newspapers KL

F.  The Civil War Career of S.M. Starling

            Lewis-Starling Mss

            J.H Morgan Mss

            Wm. C. Davis, ed. Diary . . . John S. Jackman (1990)

G.  The 1860 Presidential Election in Kentucky

H. The 1864 Presidential Election in Kentucky

            James Guthrie SC

            Thomas Claiborne Gooch, Letter. SC 810

I.  The Occupation and Battles of Munfordville

J.  Reaction to the Battle of Perryville & problems growing out of the battle (medical &
taking care of wounded, etc.)

            Ky. 5th Cavalry, SC 1316

K.        Kentucky Blacks in the Civil War

            Josephine (Wells) Covington, SC 236

            H,R, DuMarey, SC 1017

            Warren County Historic Society, SC 1024

L.         Religion, Kentucky Religious Leaders and the Civil War

            James Madison Pendleton Papers

Geo. R. Browder Diaries

John G. Fee

Northcott Collection

            Williamson Dixon Ward, SC 627

            George H. Weeks, Letters. SC 798

            Goodnight Family. MSS 148, Thomas Mitchell Goodnight Journal

            George H. Hughes, Letters. SC 1220

M.        Kentucky’s Reaction to the 1862 Confederate invasion

            James Guthrie, SC

            Civil War Letters, Signed Foster, SC 573

            McGoffin, Beriah, SC 821, Details Confed. Forces in Ky.

N.        Civil War Reunions in Kentucky

GAR 1891 or 1892 in Lou

O.        Albert Sidney Johnston and the Confederate Defense of Kentucky

            Nazro Diary

            Ky. 5th Cavalry, SC 1316

P.         Kentucky’s Reaction to John Brown

            Minutes, City of Bowling Green, KL

            Todd A. Reynolds, diss. KL

            KL newspapers

            Berea College Archives

see CWH, 1978, NC & John Brown

see CWH,     , MASS & JB

Q.        Civil War Diaries

Nazro Diary

Wm. P. Davis Diary, April 18-Dec. 18, 1861

David McKee Claggett Diary, 1861-62

Matilda Lucretia Whitaker Papers

Samuel T. Davis Diary

Robert A. Dearmin SC NA

Eldress Nancy Diary (Shaker), printed & MSS

Cincinnatus D. Bell diaries & letters

            Knott Collection

            Goodnight Family MSS 148, Journal

            James Pleasant Haynes, Diary. 1864-1854

R.        Everyday Life in Kentucky in the Civil War

Bevie Cane, 34 letters, age 15-16 Letters (Breckenridge Co)

Underwood Collection

Knott Collection

Lewis-Starling Papers

Wickersham Family Papers

Williamson Dixon Ward Journal

Lizzie Hardin Diary

Nazro Diary

            Davis, ed. Diary . . . John S. Jackman (1990)

            Eldress Nancy Diary (Shaker), printed & MSS

            Joseph I. Younglove Collection

S.        Kentuckians and Civil War Prisons and Prisoners

Robert A. Hope Letter

Strange Collection

Hines Family Papers

A.W. Ray

Perkins Collection

Rebecca Rowan

Johathan Wood

Payne Family Papers

some published material

Goodnight Family, Letters. MSS 148

Clarence Underwood McElroy, Letters. MSS 73

T.         Medical Problems in Civil War Kentucky (Care, hospitals, doctors, nurses, etc)

Lunsford Yandell papers

David W. Yandell, SC 33 & Nancy Baird Inventory

multi-vol. set of CW Med. & Surgical at KY Lib

            H.M. Lawson, Camp Conditions. SC 728

U.        Bushwackers & Bushwacking in KY; Reactions of Fed. State govt.; to martial law, etc.

            W.B. Duncan (1 box 7 folders)

            Champ Ferguson Transcript of Trial 1/2 box, 7 folders

            Official Records

            Thomas Clairborne Gooch, Letter. SC 810

V.        Occupation Forces & Minor Military Engagements

            Jefferson Dean, SC 941 Mill Springs

            John A. McClernand, SC 800, Columbus Ky.

            John W. Tuttle, SC 1197, CW Diary, Memoirs

            George H. Weeks, SC 798, Union in Somerset

            Oliver Ellsworth, SC 1359, Union Occupation Forces

            CW Letter, “Brother JSH” SC 811, Camp Life in Bowling Green

            Charles Caley, Occupation. SC 1181

            Samuel T. Davis, Occupation. SC 626

            Letter, Military Life. SC 1364

8. Weekly Discussions:

August 23

Introduction

August 30

DISCUSSION: 500 Word Nature of History Paper

DISCUSSION: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

The North: Team 1.

Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the
Civil War
(1970).

Yee, Shirley. Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828-1860 (1992).

Holt, Michael. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).

Oates, Stephen B. To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1970).

Davis, David Brion. The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style (1970).

Johannsen, Robert. Stephen A. Douglas (1973).

September 13

DISCUSSION: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

The North: Team 2.

Fehrenbacher, Don E. The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (1978).

Stauffer, John. The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation
of Race
(2002).

Mayer, Henry. All On Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (1998).

Walters, Ronald G. The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolition After 1830 (1976).

Stampp, Kenneth. America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (1990).

Reid, Brian Holden. The Origins of the American Civil War (1996).

September 20

DISCUSSION: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

The South: Team 1.

Walther, Eric H. The Fire-Eaters  (1992).

Collins, Bruce. White Society in the Antebellum South (1985).

Cooper, William Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860 (1983).

Ford, Lacy K., Jr. Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800-1860 (1988).

Snay, Mitchell. Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (1993).

Freehling, William H. The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay (1990).

September 27

Bibliography Paper Due.

Email a copy to me noon.

DISCUSSION: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

The South: Team 2

Ransom, Roger L. Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation, and the
American Civil War
(1989).

Wright, Gavin. The Political Economy of the Cotton South (1978).

Channing, Steven. Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina (1970).

Thornton, J. Mills. Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860 (1978).

Davis, William C. Rhett: The turbulent Life and Times of a Fire-Eater (2001).

Cooper, William J. The South and the Politics of Slavery (1978).

October 4

DISCUSSION: Bibliography Papers

Team 1 Papers

October 11

DISCUSSION: Bibliography Papers

Team 2 Papers

October 18

CIVILIAN LEADERSHIP: The North, Lincoln, and His Advisors

Team 1

Donald, David. Lincoln (1996).

Paludan, Phillip Shaw. A People’s Contest: The Union and the Civil War, 1861-1865 (1988).

Taylor, John M. While Cannons Roared: The Civil War Behind the Lines (1997).

Curry, Leonard. Blueprint for Modern America: Non-Military Legislation of the First Civil War
Congresses
(1968).

Trefousse, Hans L. The Radical Republicans: Lincoln’s Vanguard for Racial Justice (1968).

Frederickson, George M. The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (1965).

October 25

CIVILIAN LEADERSHIP: The South, Davis, and Advisors

Team 2

Cooper, William J. Jefferson Davis, American (2000).

Hattaway, Herman and Richard E. Beringer. Jefferson Davis, Confederate President (2002).

Davis, William C. Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (1991).

Schott, Thomas E. Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (1988).

Davis, William C. Rhett: The Turbulent Life and Times of a Fire-eater (2001).

Evans, Eli. Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (1988).

Woodworth, Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command
in the West
(1990).

November 1

MILITARY LEADERSHIP: The Generals, Strategy, and War

Team 1: The South

Thomas, Emory N. Robert E. Lee: A Biography (1995).

Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (1997).

Wert, Jeffry D. General Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier,
A Biography
(1993).

Davis, William C. Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol (1974).

Woodworth, Steven E. Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattaonooga
            Campaigns (1998).

Jones, Archer. Confederate Strategy from Shiloh to Vicksburg (1961).

Davis, William C. Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol (1974).

Thomas, Emory. The Confederate Nation: 1861-1865 (1979).

November 8

MILITARY LEADERSHIP: The Generals, Strategy, and War

Team 2: The North

Hattaway, Herman and Archer Jones. How the North Won the Civil War (1982).

Sears, Stephen W. George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (1988).

Catton, Bruce. Grant Takes Command (1969).

Marszalek, John F. Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (1993).

Cozzens, Peter. General John Pope: A Life for the Nation (2000).

Fellman, Michael. Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman (1995).

Engle, Stephen D. Don Carlos Buell: Most Promising of All (1999).

November 15

DISCUSSION: The Hard War

Team 1

Grimsley, Mark. The Hard hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians,
1861-1865
(1995).

Royster, Charles. The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and
the Americans
(1991).

Fisher, Noel C. War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee,
1860-1869
(1997).

Ash, Stephen. When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861-1865 (1995).

Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War (1989).

Stiles, T.J. Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War (2002).

November 22

Seminar Papers Due

Email a copy to me by noon.

DISCUSSION: The Home Front

Team 2

Neely, Mark E., Jr. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991).

Gallman, J. Matthew. The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (1994).

Mitchell, Reid. The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993).

Vinovski, Maris. Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays (1990).

Thomas, Emory. The Confederate Nation: 1861-1865 (1979).

Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (1989).

Woodward and Elisabeth Muhlenfield, The Private Mary Chesnut: The Unpublished Civil War
Diaries
(1984).

November 29

Presenting seminar papers.

Team 1

December 6

Presenting seminar papers.

Team 2

 

December 13

Presenting seminar papers



Click here for library research information.

Footnote Style for History Courses

        Students must use the proper history method for footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography citations.  The Modern Language Association (MLA) is not acceptable. For the current citation style, peruse the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style, located in Helm-Cravens Library, and note citations of the leading historical journals.
        Papers should always have a title page, footnotes, and a bibliography.  Papers must be printed double-spaced in letter quality type.  Right margins must be ragged.  Pagination options:   (1) the first page number at the bottom center of the first page of text; all page numbers thereafter must be in the upper right corner through the bibliography, or (2) place all page numbers in the upper right corner beginning with the first page of text and continuing through the bibliography.  Cite titles of books in either italics or underline, but be consistent throughout the paper. Papers consisting of undetached computer paper are unacceptable.
        The following are samples of the required footnote and bibliography citations for all history papers.


Manuscripts

 In a note:

        1John A.R. Rogers Diary, I, August 27, October 8, 1862, Founders and Founding, Box 8, folder 7, Record Group 1, Berea College Archives, Berea, Kentucky.
        2Diary of Eldress Nancy, February 13, 1863, South Union Shaker Records, Department of Library Special Collections, Manuscripts, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green,Kentucky.
        3John F. Jefferson Journal, November 23, 1862, John F. Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky.
        4Hattie Means to mother, January 14, 1863, Means Family Papers, Margaret I. King Library, Special Collections, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

Second Citing, Short Form of a previously cited work (separated by another work):
        5John Rogers Diary, October 8, 1862, Founders and Founding.
        6Diary of Eldress Nancy, February 13, 1863, South Union Shaker Records.
        7John F. Jefferson Journal, October 31, 1862, John F. Jefferson Papers.
        8Hattie Means to her mother, February 17, 1863, Means Family P
        9Ibid., January 5, 1864. (Use Ibid or Ibid when citing the same work used in the previous footnote in all instances except previous multiple citation notes.)


In a bibliography:

John A.R. Rogers. Diary, Founders and Founding, Berea College Archives, Berea, Kentucky.
Moore, Eldress Nancy.  Diary.  South Union Shaker Records.  Department of Library Special Collections, Manuscripts,                         Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Jefferson, John F. Journal. John F. Jefferson papers, Manuscript Division, Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky.
Means Family Papers.  Margaret I. King Library, Special Collections, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.




Documents

In a note:

        1The War of the Rebellion:  A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and  Confederate Armies (128 vols., Washington:  Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), Ser. I, Vol. 4, 396-97, hereafter cited Official Records.
        2U. S. Report of the Commissioners of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands for the Year 1867.  Washington, D. C., 1867.

Second Citing, Short Form of a previously cited work (separated by another work):
        3Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. 88, Part I, 199-202.
        4Ibid., Ser. II, Vol. 2, Part II, 21. Use Ibid or Ibid when citing the same work used in the previous footnote in all instances except multiple citation notes.


In a bibliography:

U.S. The War of the Rebellion:  A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.  128 vols.                         Washington:  Government Printing Office, 1880-1901.


Books

In a note:

        1Lowell H. Harrison, John Breckinridge:  Jeffersonian Republican (Louisville, Ky.: The Filson Club, 1969), 28.
        2Marion B. Lucas, A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891 (Frankfort, Ky.: The Kentucky Historical Society, 2003), 315.

Second Citing, Short Form of a previously cited work (separated by another work):

        3Harrison, Breckinridge, 29.
        4Ibid., 41. (Use Ibid or Ibid when citing the same work used in the previous footnote in all instances except multiple citation notes.)


In the bibliography:

Harrison, Lowell H. John Breckinridge:  Jeffersonian Republican.  Louisville, Ky.: The Filson Club, 1969.



Articles
 

In a note:
        1Patricia Hagler Minter, “The Failure of Freedom: Class, Gender, and the Evolution of Segregated Transit Law in the Nineteenth-Century South,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 70 (1995): 993-1009.
        2Robert Dietle, “William S. Dallam: An American Tourist in Revolutionary Paris,” The Filson Club History Quarterly 73 (1999): 139-65.

Second Citing, Short Form of a previously cited work (separated by another work):
        3Minter, “The Failure of Freedom,” 1002.
        4Ibid., 1008. (Use Ibid or Ibid when citing the same work used in the previous footnote in all instances except previous multiple citation notes.)


In a bibliography:

Minter, Patricia Hagler. “The Failure of Freedom: Class, Gender, and the Evolution of Segregated Transit Law in the                            Nineteenth-Century South.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 70 (1995): 993-1009.


Newspapers

In a note:

    1New York Times, January 23, 1865.
    2The Columbia (S. C.) Record, February 17, 1865.
    3New York Tribune, December 26, 1859.
Second Citing of a previously cited work (separated by another work):
    4 New York Times, September 9, 1877.
    5Ibid., January 5, 1865. (Use Ibid or Ibid when citing the same work used in the previous footnote in all instances except previous multiple citations.)

In the bibliography:

New York Times, 1865-1877.


Web Cites

        Currently, no standard exists. However, your citation should be clear, complete, and easily followed. See Mark Hellstern, Gregory M. Scott, and Stephen M. Garrison, The History Student Writer's Manual (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998) and Mary Lynn Rampolla, A Pocket Guide to Writing in History (Fourth Edition; 2004, or a later edition) for suggestions.


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Last Modified July 2003